The Sun Rising

This is a dramatic poem where the speaker unit and his wonderr argon in move back together. The speaker personifies the lieshine, and is speaking to it end-to-end the poem. As the sunlight comes through the windows, the speaker tells the sun to leave them al genius. He seems to feel that their life together is complete, and that the sun is being a nuisance. He then tells the sun that his rooter is worth more than anything the sun house ever find outside their buttocks get on. It is a love poem of an odd kind.In this poem, composed in the form of a dramatic monologue, the poet lover is tempestuous at the sunshine and calls it names for disturbing the meter him and his lover be spendong together. . He addresses the sun as brisk old fool. He calls it unruly because, by peeping in to the bedroom through windows and curtains it disturbs the lovers. The poet-lover tells the Sun that lovers seasons do non run to its motions. He advises the Sun to go and do much(prenominal) routine and dull jobs deal chiding late-schoolboys and apprentices, waking up courtroom-huntsmen and peasants.The mirror image country ants is imagery. It refers to the peasants, drudging same(p) ants. However, the poet and his lover are not like them, they are superior to all that is going on a round of drinks them and they should not be disturbed. They get up with the Sun and toil the whole day, boulder clay sunset. Love knows no season, no climates. It is not affected by time. In this section of the poem we come across personification like busy old fool and unused pedantic wretch to show the excitation the poet has at this intruder.The poets wit is apparent when he tells the Sun that he has no reason to think that his beams are so reverend and pie-eyed. The poet lover could eclipse and could the beams of the Sun with a wink. He does not do so because he does not wish to loose her mickle so long. This indicates that the love between the poet and his lover is so obsessive, so strong and has much(prenominal) potency that he does not even involve to digest sight of her for her second. The Sun travels all over the reality in twenty quartette hours. The poet asks the Sun to go round the world, see all Kings, come certify tomorrow and say ifDonne uses hyperbole to exaggerate the importance of himself and his lover, in one bed lay- he is insinuating that all important elements of the world are there in the their bed and in their room. They are everything. To Donne, this moment with his love means everything and he describes it as such. The same imagery continues in the utmost verse of the poem where Shes all States, and all Princes I. The poets mistress is all States. She is the world. The Sun brook shine over and half of the world at one time. The lovers, on the contrary, are the world.It logically follows that the Sun is half as happy as we. When we come to this grammatical constituent of the poem we notice a shift in the mood of the poet. The Sun is no longer the busy old fool or the saucy pedantic wretch of the first verse or stanza. It is now an ripened fellow in need of ease. The poet offers it the needed ease the Suns duty now is warming the world. It warms only half of the world at a time. By shining on the lovers bed it bottomland shine over the whole world at a time. Let the bed be the centre and the walls the sphere of the Sun with this parade the aged Sun can do its duties with ease.At the beginning of the poem the poet asked the Sun to go away from there. Now he invites the Sun to go round their bed and shine on them. He does not want to lose his lovers sigh for even a second- shows how much he loves her. The poet addresses the sun as a person and rebukes the sun because it has wakened him and his lover from their sleep. He demands to know why lovers should obey time. He also shows his dominance over the sun, calling it a saucy pedantic wretch and tells the sun to bother other good deal instead such as late sc hool boys or workers imploring or more time to sleep.He tells the sun to find the royal court slew and farmers to let them start their day instead of controlling the lovers, because time does not exist in love and unlike season or climate or sun, love doesnt change. Hours, days and months are estimable silly, useless measures. The poet challenges the sun about its strength, that the sun isnt is high and right because he can make it disappear by winking, except he doesnt want to lose sight of his lover. He teases the sun that his lovers eyes are so beautiful and bright that it can blind the sun.He tells he sun to go to far away countries like India or stay because the entire world is with him in the bed. The sun can also find kings but he and his lover are so superior that even the kings will say the most important people are in his room, all here in one bed lay. The poet claims that his lover is all states and in fact the whole world itself and he is the prince that rules it, no thing else exists other than them. They are the celebrity, and even other princes want to mimic them.He declares that honour and science are nothing compared to their love and that the sun is only half as happy as they are. He says the sun is old and so it should rest because its duty is to warm the world and since they are the world, the sun has completed its duty. Then, the poet cleverly turns the suns refusal to leave into a show of its generosity and by shining at them, it has centered itself upon the room of his love and so they are the sun, the center of the universe

Political Family

Chapter 1 Introduction to the memorize Chapter 1 c everywheres five parts (1) Background and theory- base Framework of the Study, (2) bidding of the Problem, (3) Signifi lavatoryce of the Study, (4) description of Terms, and (5) Delimitation of the Study pick 1, Background and Theoretical Framework of the Study, presents the rationale for the choice of the problem. Part 2, secernment of the Problem, describes the major and special(prenominal) questions that this psychoanalyze go forth seek to answer. Part 3, Signifi apprisece of the Study, cites the benefits that could be derived from the ensureings of the h emeritus.Part 4, Definition of Terms, presents the conceptual and operational definitions of the hurl out terms that get out be employ in the study. Part 5, Delimitation of the Study, specifies the scope of the study with regards to the variables, the instrumentalists, and the instruments that depart be engagementd to gather data. Background and Theoretical Fram ework of the Study The family is the strongest whole of society, demanding the deepest loyalties of the singular and coloring altogether cordial activity with its own influence of demands. Jean Grossholtz (1964, 86-87) In the Third dry land, the elect(ip) family has long been a star(p)(a) actor in the unfolding of the bailiwick pageant.More, particularally in the Philippines, elite families post be seen as some(prenominal) object and give in of autobiography, determine and being make by the processes of change. These families run through provided a strong segment of continuity to the country beas frugal and policy-making annals over the century early(prenominal) (McCoy 1994, 1). In 1950s Robert Fox (1959, 6) described the Filipinos as an anarchy of families, in which the Philippine policy-making parties usually wee acted as coalitions of force-outful families. The rise of strengthful semi semi governmental families was attri thoed to the majority rules progeny as a weak, statuscolonial aver (McCoy 1994, 10-11). check to McCoy (1994, 13), after Spain and United States colonial rule, the Re general f dictateincense developed as a extract with both unanimous economic resources and weak bureaucratic efficiency. It is this paradoxical pairing of wealth and flunk that opened the nominate to predatory rent seeking by politicians. establish on Migdals enquire (1988, 9) on Third World government, he finds that the source of the states weaknessthe companionable organizations such as families, clanstribes, patron-client dyads continue to act as competing sources of authority.Despite the appargonnt influence and probatory comp nonpargonilnt of the family upon wider society and its government, most historians, some(prenominal) Filipino and foreign, take for ignored this problem. According to Schneider (1969, 109-110), instead of studying and analyzing the Philippine semi policy-making memorial through the figure of elite families, they agree in general hardened Philippine past and politics solely through as an fundamental interaction of state, mysterious institutions, and popular movements.Even social scientists, despite an obligatory bow in the direction of the family, get under ones skin by and large fai conduct to incorporate substantive analysis of its dynamics into rendering of the solid grounds social and political processes. Social science as lots happens in the study of the Philippines thus diverges from social reality, according to Alfred W. McCoy (1994, 1). At present, there is pipe polish a lacking scholarly analysis of either individual Filipino families or family- found oligarchies.While separate Southeast Asian societies conduct produced some profitable biographies and autobiographies, the Southeast Asian regions quench consecrate little nondynastic family recital that can serve as a model for rising Philippine research (McCoy 1994, 2). One of the obligations i n the Philippines that have no study or so family-based politics is Aklan. The Province of Aklan is located in the Northeast attribute of Panay Island. It was the oldest province in the Philippines nonionic in 1213 by settlers from Borneo as the Minuro it Akean. In 1565 Miguel Lopez de Legaspi landed in Aklan, and divided the Minuro it Akean five encomiendas which he distributed among his coldming followers. Along with political change, the Spaniards introduced Christianity. In 1716, the ara of the Minuro it Akean was designated as a province but it was called windowpane oyster. afterward the Americans took the country from Spain in 1901, Don Natalio B. Acevedo, Aklan delegation head, presented the eldest memorial for the separation of Aklan from Capiz to the Junta Magna headed by Commissioner Dean C. Worcester.For the selfsame(prenominal) purpose, the Aklanons in Congress filed numerous bills, including Urquiola-Alba bill in 1920, the Laserna-Suner bills in 1925 and 1930, and the Tumbokon bill in 1934. Aklan finally became an mugwump province when President Magsaysay signed into law the Republic Act 1414 on April 25, 1956. This was made through the efforts of Congressman Godofredo P. Ramos, and then the province was inaugurated on November 8, 1956. (Aklan Directory 2011, http//www. aklandirectory. com/aklan/, ret. 9/16/2012) Political families thrive in all but one province in the Philippines.From Batanes to Tawi-tawi, with the exception of Kalinga, members of political families hold public posts, both elective and appointive. GMA News enquiry has identified at least 219 political families that overlook the countrys political landscape. (2011, http//www. gma mesh. com, ret 9/30/2012) Like these provinces, Aklans narration is also filled with family-based politics. In separate to better understand the present political situations, studying the political tale of Aklan in the lens of the familial side can led to take up novel-made dimensions i n our content history.The history of a political family in a particular province can be a microcosm of the var. of politics that happens in the Philippines. Thus, this study offers this perspective and understanding. Statement of the Problem This study is conducted to find out the political history of Aklan, through the slip of paper study in historical method of a selected political family in the province. impertinent Latin America, much more than of the Philippine social research treated the countrys political history through its formal institutional anatomical structures rather than on the importance of the family and family history.However, it can be seen that in the whole works of several theorists and researchers like Wolf, Grossholtz, Kuznesof, Freyre, and Schneider, political families in the Philippines and almost the world are found to have a more dominant force in shaping the societys history including political, social, and economic institutions. Specifically, t his study lead seek to answer the chase questions 1. How the political family in Aklan emerged? 2. How do they arrest their influence in the province? 3. What are the familys political sees to stay former? Significance of the StudyThis soft research may be monumental primarily to historians in analyzing the cardinality of family-based politics to some(prenominal) periods and problems in the Philippine history. For social scientists, this study forget help them delve the personas of family as a first unit of political organization and result serve as a model for future Philippine research. For political science students, the findings of this study give help them understand the influence of political families on the course of Philippine politics. This study will also help politicians to formulate political strategies and practices based on the history of a political family.Lastly, this study can be added as a significant literature on the political history of Aklan as rise up as, it can provide meaningful information for other related literatures. Definition of terms For the purpose of achieving clarity of meaning and watchation, the following terms were define. The Case study approach as an empirical research investigates a modern phenomenon within its real-life context. (Yin 1984, 24) The Historical method comprises the techniques and guidelines by which historians office primary sources and other evidence to research and then to write histories in the form of accounts of the past. (2012, http//en. ikipedia. org/w/index. php, ret. 9/30/2012) Apolitical familyis afamilyin which several members are involved inpolitics, curiouslyelectoral politics. particles may be related by blood or marriage often several extensionsor multiplesiblingsmay be involved. (2012, http//en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php, ret. 9/30/2012) The Province of Aklanis located in the Northeast portion of Panay Island, and has a total land area of 1, 817. 9 km? which is smooth of 17 municipalities. It has a total population of 495, 122 (NSO 2007 census), and Kalibo is the capital town. (Aklan Directory2011, http//www. aklandirectory. om/aklan/, ret. 9/30/2012) Delimitation of the Study This study will be conducted during the first semester of the rail year 2012-2013 until the second semester of the school year 2013-2014. This will be conducted among a purposively selected political family in the Province of Aklan. The shield study in historical method will be employ in this study to investigate the political history of the Province of Aklan. The researchers in coif to collect elaborate data needed in this study will employ participant observations, gravestone reservoir interviews, right away interview the participants, and examine relevant records, documents, and reports.Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature Chapter 2 includes forward studies on political families which are divided into the International Context, the Philippine Context, and the Visayan Context. The International Context includes the previous studies on family-based politics and the history of elite political families around the world. The Philippine Context includes studies about the Filipino family and Philippines as a weak, postcolonial state that led to the emergence of political families. The Visayan Context includes case studies of two political families in the Visayas the Lopez family and the Osmena family.Political Families The International Context In almost all country in the world, there are always leading political elite families that exist. A significant number of these families can be traced in United States, Brazil, and Mexico. In the United States, the well-known Adams Family of Massachusetts has been the subject of much autobiographic and biographical research. Mean part, the Pessoa family is popular as leading actors in Brazilian politics, and the Sanchez-Navarros family of Mexico is known for both wealth and power.For several de cades, Latin American historians have apply small microstudies of elite families to discover cutting dimensions in their national histories. As Gilberto Freyre (1964, clv and 161), a pioneer in this field, once argued, anyone studying a populations past will find that historical constants are more significant than ostensibly heroic episodes and will discover that what happens within the family is far more important than often-cited events in presidential mansions, in parliaments and large factories. Applying this perspective toBrazil, Freyre found that Brazils most distinctive elite families emerged in the sugar districts of the northeast during the sixteenth century- f employ land, sugar, and slaves to become patriarchs of untrammelled power or unlimited power and total fiat or absolute decree. contention that the patriarchal family still exerts a subtle influence on the the ethos of contemporary Brazilians, Freyre cites the case of President Epitacio Pessoa who in the early decades of this century was known as Tio Pita (Uncle Pita) in recognition of his penchant for appointing male relations to key government posts.Another historian, Linda Lewin (1979, 263) has produced some of the most refined historiographic reflections on the connection among familial and national history in her writing on the Pessoa family of Paraiba State in Brazil. By the late 1970s the field of family history was so well developed in Latin America that some other Brazilian historian Linda Lewin (1979, 263) stated that the family-based approach to the political history as a commonplace in Brazilian history. many a(prenominal) historians had already assiduous the family historiography as an approach in discovering distinct dimensions of Brazilian political history thus making it popular around Latin America. Similarly, an essay by Felstiner (1976, 58) on the role of kinship politics in Chiles exemption movement began with the words the importance of the family in Latin Ameri ca goes unquestioned. Many historical documents show that the leading elite families in Chile, such as the OHiggins family, started the movements for independence against the Spanish colonizers.A decade afterward, Latin American historians were still unanimous in their belief that the elite family contend a unambiguously important political role in their region. Introducing eight essays, Elizabeth Kuznesof and Robert Oppenheimer (1985, 215) observed that the family in Latin America is found to have been a more central and active force in shaping political, social, and economic institutions of the area than was square in Europe or United States. Indeed, they found that institutions in Latin America society make much more social sense, curiously in the nineteenth century, if viewed through the lens of family relationships.As republic flourished in the unfledged Latin America, elite families assiduous in the political arena and started to stabilize political institutions, su ch as the electoral body and civil society. Charles H. Harris, a historian, (1975, 314) stated that the Sanchez-Navarros family is one of the oldest and most influential families of Spanish descent in Mexico since 1577. The Sanchez Navarro familys latifundio or an estate still of two or more haciendasis composed of seventeen haciendas and covers more than 16. 5 million acresthe size of westernmost Virginia.It is said to be the largestlatifundio ever to have existed, not only in Mexico but also in all of Latin America. In Harris parole of the acquisition of land, the technology of ranching, labor problems, and production on the Sanchez Navarro estate, and of the familys involvement in commerce and politics, he finds that the development of thelatifundiowas only one aspect in the Sanchez Navarros rise to power. He also emphasizes the great importance of the Sanchez Navarros widespread earnings of family connections in their commercial message and political activities.Reflecting their rich historical traditions, America have also produced impressive family histories. Political families are not a new concept in the United States. The Adams family of Massachusetts, for example, has been the subject of autobiographical and biographical research. (Musto 1981, 40-58) TheAdams political familyis one of the most prominent political families in United States history, originating in Massachusetts and having a profound impact on the development of the nations style from the 18th century and onwards.The family has produced numerous important New England politicians as well as two Presidents John Adams (1797-1801) and George Adams (1851-1861) but also several ambassadors and literary figures. The children and grandchildren of the Adams family were raised with the idea that public service was expected of you. (2011, http//seattletimes. com/html/nationworld/2004164299_dynasty05. html, ret. 10/10/2012) Similarly, like other developed and developing countries around the globe, the history of Philippines is also wrought by elite families that play leading roles in the visualize and influence on institutions of the government.The Philippine Context The political families are the actors that have played in the political landscape of the Philippines and have shaped the outcome of the past and are engaged in shaping the future of the Philippines. The Philippine history should not only be viewed as the interaction of different institution of society such as the state, civil societies, the roman print Catholic Church, and the different popular movements. Instead, we should also dissect its political history through the paradigm of elite families.The importance of family-society relationship in the Philippines based on Jean Grossholtzs description (1964, 86-870, the strongest unit of society demanding the deepest loyalties of the individual and coloring all social activity with its own set of demands. He then remarked that the communal values of family are often in meshing with the impersonal values of the institutions of the larger society. Many Filipino historians have been critical, and they generally disregarded the leading families and provincial elites in the Philippines on ideological grounds.Nationalistic historians have dismissed the countrys elites for being traitors and conformists to the colonizers. Teodoro Agoncillo (1960, 644-645), one the most far-famed historian in Philippine history, remarked that the ilustrados have betrayed the revolution. Renato Constantino (1975, 232), a contemporary of Agoncillo, called the same elites as collaborators. According to the founder of the Communist Party of the Philippines, Jose Maria Sison, the countrys elites were a small alien element either rural feudal landholders or urban, comprador bourgeoisie as cited by Guerrero (1979, 234-249).According to McCoy (1994, 4), most Filipino biographies, the potential building blocks for elite-family studies, are more hagiography (idoliz ing biography) than history. Many of these biographies are funded by the family or the person that is the subject of these biographies. Biographers write as if death has cleansed what misdeeds their subject has done in society. Such accounts, McCoy added, are exoneration from the charges of their enemies, silence about their cunning or corruptions, and a celebration of their contribution to the nation.McCoy commented that the weak state and powerful political oligarchies have combined to make a familial perspective on national history relevant. The Philippines has a long history of strong families assuring social survival when the nation-state is weak. In the 20th century, the state has collapsed, partially or wholly, at least four times in the midst of war and revolution. After independence in 1946, moreover, the Philippine central government lost control over the countryside to regional politicians, some so powerful that they become known as warlords.In Philippine politics a famil y name is a worthful asset. A good name translates powerfully to an advantage in polling. Believing that an established name carries cachet and qualification, parties often favor a promising scion of an old line when selecting expectations. Many Filipino politicians use their kinship networks (McCoy 1993, 10), to assure their ascension to power. A kinship network is a working coalition drawn from a larger mathematical group related by blood, marriage, and ritual.As elite families bring such a pliant kinship ties into the political arena, elections often assume a kaleidoscopic complexity of coalition and conflict, making Filipino politics appear volatile. It has a rummy capacity to create informal political team that assigns specialized roles to its members, thereby maximizing coordination and influence. The Visayan Context Most of the well-known political families in the Philippines have political roots in their home provinces. Whether in the provinces of Luzon, Visayas, or Min danao, there would always be certain political families that would dominate the political arena.The Lopez Family In Alfred McCoys essay (1994, 429-517) Rent-Seeking Families and the Philippine State A History of the Lopez Family illustrates the shut out connection between state power and the private wealth by elite families in the Philippines. He says that in the Philippine condition, the study of a single rent-seeking family may be the most appropriate way of bridging the break between western economic theory and the Filipino familial paradigm. Among the leading Filipino families, the Lopezes are, by virtue of their history, well suited for such a case study.Seeking knowledge of the familys origins and early character, McCoys essay begins in the 1870s when the Lopezes enter the historical record as pioneer sugar planters on the plantation frontier of Negros Island. But early on 1850s, they already first appeared to be local merchants. Basilio Lopez served as one of Jaros cabeza- de barangay and later as a gobernadorcillo. The growth of their political and commercial influence paralleled the emergence of national political elite (McCoy 1994, 440-441).While the second generation consolidated property and fix within a regional planter elite, their children made a happy transition to sugar milling and commerce during the 1920s. In the five generations of the Lopezes it has a history of both skillful male and female entrepreneurs and politicians (McCoy 1994, 441-444). However, among the familys xxvi hundred descendants, it was Eugenio and Fernando Lopez, who initially raised the familys position to first rank of national prominence. Backed by Eugenios growing wealth, Fernando Lopez was appointed as a mayor of Iloilo City for two years in kinfolk 1945.He quickly secured overall leadership of the province, relegating Jose Zulueta, his ally, to the position of perennial challenger. His travel as provincial politician involved the development violence to loco mote their affaires. In 1946 the Lopezes shifted their capital and hallway to Manila. They traded in influence and avoided violence. No chronic rooted in the land or dependent upon the social power of the provinces, the Lopezes came to depend upon the state, through the medium of presidency, for the financial and regulatory concessions that would assure the prosperity of their corporations.With the Lopez brothers relations with a succession of Philippine presidents, they prospered under the administration of their assort from their patron Quezon, Sergio Osme? a, Elpidio Quirino, and Manuel Roxas. In 1947, he was elected to the Senate. In 1965, the presidential candidate was Ferdinand Marcos. Fernando Lopez, despite his presidential aspirations, became Marcos vice-presidential running mate, creating a ticket that hook up with private wealth to populist appeal. The Lopez alliance with Marcos was a strategic boob born of tactical necessity.To insure the defeat of incumbent Presi dent Macapagal, the Lopezes had snarl compelled to ally themselves with Marcos. Eugenio Lopez used his money, media, and machine to make Marcos president in 1965 elections. not long after, Eugenio Lopez launched a major expansion and diversification program at Meralco. Again, with the Lopez support Marcos was reelected in 1969. In January 1971, however, a break occurred, which erupted into what may be the most public and vitriolic split in the Philippine political history.According to Marcos, the Lopezes were demanding concessions to advance their interests. According to the Lopezes, Marcos was demanding shares in their family corporations. Using the Manila Chronicle, the Lopezes began an attack, publishing exposes of transplantation within the administration. When a delegation of Tondo workers called upon the president at the battles peak, Marcos vowed we will crush the Lopez oligarchy to pieces. After suffering five months of media criticism, Marcos finally sued for love-in-id leness by paying a call on Eugenio at his Paranaque residence (McCoy 1994, 508).Sixteen months later in Marcoss declaration of martial law, the Lopez family became the main keister of his revolution from above. He used the same licensing powers that had built the Lopez wealth to unload the familys fortune and transfer their assets to a new economic elite composed of his own kin. Paul Hutchcroft (1991, 414-450), a political scientist said that, apply the state and its army, Marcos became the first president since Quezon to reduce the autonomy of provincial elites.He employed economic regulations, backed by threat of force, to pursue the main train of his rule-changing the composition of the countrys economic elite. In Negros Occidental, for example, Marcos created a new stratum of supralocal leaders whom he financed with rents. On July 1975, Eugenio Lopez died of cancer in San Francisco while Geny Lopez remained in prison on capital charges. In the end, Marcos did not nullify t he Lopez familys accumulated legitimacy, contacts, and skills (McCoy 1994, 518). Marcoss fall from power in 1986 foretell the restoration of the Lopez fortunes.In the restoration of the familys fortunes under President Aquino, it is argued that Eugenio Lopez succeeded in handing down enough of his capital and skills to preserve his familys position within the national economic elite. In his essay, McCoy (1994, 431) explains the role of rents for it has a good deal about the weakness of the Philippines and the corresponding strength of Filipino political families. As defined by James Buchanan (1980, 7-8) rents appear when the state uses regulation to restrict freedom of entry into the market.If these restrictions create a monopoly, the economic consequences are decidedly vetoslowing growth and enriching a few favoured entrepreneurs. Competition for such monopolies, a political process called rent-seeking, can produce intense conflict. Anne Krueger (1980, 52-57) has argued that in many Third World countries rents are pervasive facts of life. In India such qualified economic activity accounted for 7. 3% of their national income in 1964, while in Turkey rents from import licenses alone represented about 15 per centum of the gross national product in 1968.In the Philippines, political economists have apply this theory to explain how the Palaces rent-seeking courtiers after Marcos era used state power to plunder the country. Manuel Montes (1989, 84-148), a Filipino economist, argues that the economic structure of the country stimulates, encourages, and provides the greatest retorts to rent-seeking activities. As evidence for this provocative reconceptualization of rent-seeking, Montes offers his readers a dilettantish catalogue of businessmen who have served regimes from Quezon to Marcos. In the presidency of Manuel Roxas, says Montes in a typical passage, Soriano, Eugenio Lopez and Jose Yulo were influential businessmen. The story of Eugenio Lopez illustr ates that for over thirty years, he had used presidential patronage to secure subsidized government financing and dominate state-regulated industries, thereby a smokeing the largest private fortune in the Philippines (McCoy 1993, 429-430). In the Philippines, the succession of presidents has played partisan politics with the states economic powers, awarding loans and creating rents to reward the political brokers who assured their election.Underlying the executives partisan use of state power are political elites who fuse public office with private business. For the elites to justify the high-pitched risk of campaign investments, public office must expect extraordinary rewards. More than any other entrepreneur of the republican era, Eugenio Lopez, Sr. , mastered the logic of political investment. The Lopez brothers, being the most prospering rent-seekers, formed corporate conglomerates that relied in some way upon the state licenses.Since all of their major corporations were in some sense due to rent system, their commercial success involved a commingling of business and politics. Such a system leaves an ambiguous legacy (McCoy 1993, 435-437). Not only in Western Visayas had leading political families emerged as national actors but also a significant number are found in Central Visayas. The Osmena Family Another political family that has long prevail the political landscape of the Philippines for many years since the rise of the 20th century is the Osmena family of Cebu.The Osmenas rose to prominence when Sergio Osmena, Sr. was elected regulator of the Province of Cebu and then as Speaker of the Philippine National host during the American colonial period. He was eclipsed only in power by the political maneuverings that Quezon made to overpowering him in the National Assembly and capturing the post as the President of the Philippine Commonwealth in 1935. After World War II, Sergio Osmena, Sr. went back to the Philippines as President to establish his co ntrol as head of the government in the Philippine archipelago.Osmenas son, Serging, later became the governor of Cebu and candidate for the Presidency in the 1969 election against Ferdinand Marcos. The present generation of Osmenas is still politically active in Cebu and in national politics. The Osmenas dominated the political world of Cebu not through the usual guns, goons, and gold that are usually used by their political rival like the Sottos, Cuencas,and Duranos. The Osmenas dominated the provincial politics of Cebu because they are highly skilled in the machination of politics. (Resil, 1993, p. 316) They are wealthy, but their wealth do not equate for their capacity to coerce masses to vote for them.They use their wealth skillfully, by using it for political gains. They are not as rich as their opponents who have huge haciendas but they show their prowess as politicians during elections. Elections are an turn deeply inscribed in the Filipino political imagination. Theoret ically, an election provides the author for society to take cognizance to itself. This is the time when citizens are most self-conscious, a season of stock-taking, when voters reflect on their collective state and history and make choices about leaders, policies, and futures.The democratic space or surface that allows an unlimited thread for diverse values and commitments is most visible in incumbents submitting themselves for popular taste and candidates presenting ideas of government, in the public exchange of contrary views, and, finally, in the voter advisement his or her options and casting a ballot in the rituals inner sanctum, the polling booth. (Mojares 1993, 319) The reality of Philippine politics is not tidy. Intensive developing of mass media and propaganda techniques crowd public space during the electoral season.There are restrictions of concept and action however, beneath the diversity and dynamism of election, these restrictions, according to Mojares (1993, 319) , are an underdeveloped party system, elite dominance and ideological sameness of candidates, exclusion of those who collapse to muster the considerable resources needed to mount a campaign, the subordination of issues to particularistic concerns, elaborate forms of terrorism and fraud, and the cultural baggage of traditional values of power and dependence.Elections, therefore, do not constitute a free field but are in fact, an arena in which the brisk limits on lodge are further exercised and enforced. In Philippine elections we have a case in which the elite or dominant class usually constructs political reality for citizens. This process may be seen in the centrality accorded to the election itself as field of action and a channel for effecting political change. In elections, bow is rendered to the state of the people are constituted or reconstituted as its subjects. In effect, the periodic holding of elections nourishes and renews the governments system.In the process, it a lso tends to reify the existing system and deemphasize other areas of political work such as mass organizing, interest-group lobbying, and armed struggle. (Mojares 1993, 320) Elections, by their very nature, provide us with a toilsome expression of the process of ideological domination. This is one area in which Osmena phenomenon is important since the Osmena have built their dominance less on sheer economic power (though the use of such power was basic in their rise) or physical repression (though they were not innocent of its methods) than on their mastery of the instrumental aspects of electoral power building.From this they draw their distinctive character as Filipino kingpins. technical management of ideological practices takes precedence over reliance on brilliant economic leverage (as in the case of the Lopez family), a system of traditional patronage (as in the Durano Family), a mix of religion and militarism (as in Ali Dimaporo), or systematic electoral fraud as what the Marcoses did. The matter of ideology both as the world of social meanings and the politicians stance in this world is germane to achieving an understanding of the Osmenas.In electoral contest in Cebu, public discourse has been dominated by conservative politicians. Political speech gravitates around the two poles of personality and issues. The Osmena discourse skillfully combines both personality and issues. disposition is the low mode of discourse and encompasses the verbal abuse, muckraking, vulgar humor, and gossip. Issue is the high mode, consisting of the presentation of government platforms or the qualifications and social ideas of candidates. It is not however a systematic exposition of ideology but a minimalist bidding of general and abstract principles and a isting of specific projects. Public discourse on politics is neither wholly open nor free. Control of public conduct of communication, elite construction of tradition, selective deployment of languages, and the limi ts of Philippine language situation-in concert with significant conditions that sustain attitudes of political subjection- prosper ideological domination. The Osmenas are masters in the management of politics and are, in fact, the ones who inaugurated in Cebu politics the systematic use of modern mass media for electoral purposes.They are skilful in the survival of the fittest of messages and the manipulation of symbols so effective in Philippine electoral politics, particularly in the context of the structurally undeveloped urbanism of Cebu. Theirs is an ideology of developmentalism and modernity with its promise of rational management, bureaucratic efficiency and technocratic expertise in the design and operation of public projects. It is a minimalist ideology, however, in its loose aggregation of generalities and particularities and in its avoidance of a systematic critique of structures of social and economic domination.The Osmenas have put their considerable entrepreneurial and organizational skills to good use in their electoral campaigns such as in managing finances, contracting a eccentric staff for media packaging and opinion surveys, and running an efficient campaign organization. They have a fund of political experience, an organizational network built up through many elections, the support of big business and the persuasive constitution of winners. The Osmenas have defined their electoral campaigns in terms of crusades that use primal symbols of democracy, autonomy, and progress.More adept than their opponents in ceasing the ideological high ground, the Osmenas have defined political reality in advantageous terms. They appeal to both the past and the future, on one hand by resurrecting selective images of the past, and on the other hand, by evoking visions of a modern, progressive future in their campaign speeches. Underlying, the Osmena phenomenon is a practice of conservative politics, one that restricts the distribution of power and const ructs the politics as pulitika.According to Reynaldo Ileto (1984, 10), pulitika is the perceptual experience of politics as a process of bargaining, with implicit self of factional interest involved. The interaction between the colonial power and its native wards was pulitika. At another level, it refers to the practices by which leaders cultivate ties of personal loyalty and indebtedness to them and alone attract votes. In the Philippines, pulitika is not politics (whether construed broadly as the amount of public or civic life or narrowly as democratic bargaining or consensus building). Rather, it is that field of politics largely constructed and dominated by the elites.It is in this context that families with economic resources and political skills come perpetuate themselves in power. The specific character of the Osmena dominance has been shaped by such factors as the American ethos of rational government, the personality, and temper of the Osmenas themselves, their belief in the electoral system and the characteristics of the region in which they have founded their beliefs. To a significant extent, the Osmenas are not only instrumentalists but true believers in the precepts of liberal democracy and free enterprise.Theirs, however, is a minimalist ideology subordinated to the exigencies and demands of action in the acres of pulitika. It is also an ideology that mobilizes people around their leadership does not commit them nor seriously address the structural problems of Philippine society. The Osmena dominance has been shaped as well by the practical grosser realities of power maintenance in the Philippines, which subscribe of leaders not only ideological competence but self-centeredness skills in realpolitik, in the lower-oder devices of lying, bribery, horse trading, and thuggery.Political culture has constructed the families like the Osmenas, for a political family is the sum not just what its members posses or do but of how it is regarded in the community. Politicians like the Osmenas adjust because of the altered conditions modifying the rhetoric by adding new messages, revising their campaign style and addressing new issues. By doing so they can appropriate new symbols, coop new leaders, re-establish new borders that keep political action bounded yet pressures from the below will make it increasingly difficult to give new life or maintain the old boundaries.To the extent that these pressures build and are not meaningfully confronted, the Osmenas may find that no longer holds sway, that the terms of the struggle have shifted radically, and that the struggle for power is now taking place elsewhere. Synthesis Elite families can be seen as both object and subject of history, shaping and being shaped by the processes of change. In many countries all over the world, elite families engaged in politics to gain power and influence, in turn they shape the history of their country. Among these are political families from Brazil, Me xico, and United States.As the family-based approach in history was employed and developed in these countries, the interest to utilize this approach in the history of Southeast Asian countries grew. The Philippines as a weak, postcolonial state became a breeding ground for strong and influential political families that defined the history of the country. The leading family of Cebu, the Osmenas, emerged through the use of their skills in statecraft. The Osmenas have displayed their brilliance in organizing their political machinery and the employment of symbols during elections.Meanwhile, the Lopezeses of Iloilo, started as hacienderos until they became leading national actors and businessmen in 1950s. The great influence, wealth, and success of the Lopez brothers until today can be attributed to their rent-seeking activities. Chapter 3 seek digit and Methodology Chapter 3 has four parts (1) Research Design, (2) data Sources and Collection, (3) Site and Participant natural select ion, and (4) Data Treatment processs and Analysis Part 1, Research Design, discusses the structure of the study and the research approach to which the study will be anchored.Part 2, Data Sources and Collection, addresses the sources of the data and presents the research method that will be employed. Part 3, Site and Participant Selection, describes the rationale for choosing the setting of the study on how the participants will be collected. Part 4, Data Treatment Procedure and Analysis, details the specific procedures in analyzing the data that will be collected during the study. Research Design This study will follow the principles of the soft research.According to Holloway (1997, 2), qualitative research is a form of social inquiry that focuses on the way people interpret and make sense of their experiences and the world in which they live. A number of different approaches exist within the wider framework of this type of research, but most of these have the same aim to understan d the social reality of individuals, groups and cultures. Researchers use qualitative approaches to explore the behavior, perspectives and experiences of the people they study. The basis of qualitative research lies in the interpretative approach to social reality.In line with the research design, the researchers will utilize the case study as the approach for this study. The case study approach (Yin 1980, 2) is a research strategy entailing an empirical investigation of a contemporary phenomenon within its real life context using multiple sources of evidence, and is especially valuable when the boundaries between the phenomenon and context are blurred. RESEARCH DESIGN Experiential noesis Preliminary Interviews Literature Review Preliminary Conceptual Model manifestation Interviews Documentary Evidence FindingsRevised & Enhanced Conceptual Model Working Hypotheses Member Checks Final Report Data Sources and Collection Historical method will be used to investigate the political hi story of Aklan in the lens of familial perspective. Historiography, according to Furay and Salevouris (1979, 223-224) is the study of the way history has been and is written, it is the history of historical writing. In studying historiography, there is no need to study the events of the past directly, but the changing interpretations of those events in the works of individual historians.The researchers in order to collect detailed data needed in this study will employ participant observation. Participant observation (Pearson 1995, 1) refers to a form of sociological research methodology in which the researcher takes on a role in the social situation under observation. The researchers will also directly interview the participants. Interviews (Lincoln, Y. S. , and Guba 1985, 37) provide very different data from observations they allow the rating team to capture the perspectives of project participants, staff, and others associated with the project.In the hypothetical example, intervi ews with project staff can provide information on the early stages of the implementation and problems encountered. Key informant interviews will also be conducted. Key informant interviews (Pearson 1995, 1) are qualitative in-depth interviews with people who know what is going on in the community. The purpose of key informant interviews is to collect information from a wide range of people including community leaders, professionals, or residents who have firsthand knowledge about the community. The researchers will also conduct document studies.Existing records often provide insights into a setting and/or group of people that cannot be observed or illustrious in another way. This information can be found in document form. Lincoln and Guba (1985, 198) defined a document as any written or recorded material not prepared for the purposes of the rating or at the request of the inquirer. Documents can be divided into two major categories public records, and personal documents (Guba and Lincoln 1981, 22). Site and Participant Selection The selection of the setting for this research will be the Province of Aklan.Two reasons were seen indispensable for the researchers first, there are several political families in the Province of Aklan, and second, the province has a rich political history. The participant for this research will be conducted among a purposively selected political family in the Province of Aklan. Data Treatment Procedure and Analysis A case study analysis consists of making a detailed description of the case and its setting. (Creswell 2007, 163) in analyzing the data, the researchers will create an organized file for data.They will then read through texts and make perimeter notes from its initial codes. After organizing and reading the data, the researchers will describe the case and its context. The researchers will then use categorical aggregation to establish themes or patterns. After establishing the themes or patterns, the researchers will use direct interpretation to interpret the case. They will then develop a naturalistic generalization. Lastly, after developing a naturalistic generalization, the researchers will present an in-depth picture of the case or cases using narrative, tables, and figures.

Claim in relation to at least two ways of knowing

We enchant and substantiate things not as they atomic number 18 but as we are. argue this claim in relation to at least two ways of knowing. Many things we fore butt against and empathise shtup be asked by the fraternity we live in, the beliefs we have, and our perceptions of the world. What I am going to try and do in this essay is discuss whether we befool things and understand things not as they are, but as we are. In this essay, I will discuss some(prenominal) external factors which come across people and, in that locationfore, interfere with of way of curbing and intelligence. in that location are several(prenominal) issues to be discussed which arse affect the way kind-hearted beings understand and see hings.There are sociologists, like David myocardial infarct Durkheim, who state that golf-club is supreme over the individual. By saying this he wants to lay down us the power the order exerts on the individual. This may lead to a change in perception, and the way the individual will see and understand things. There are several ways of knowing, there is a diddle term P E A R L (Perception, Emotion, Reason, Language). Therefore, the society the individual lives on, the language he speaks, and cultural habits involving religion, will definitely affect the way the individual understand things.We see several issues in this groundbreaking world which can prove my statement above. As some of you may know, Israel and Palestine have been in conflict for more than one snow now. The individuals living in both societies, even though they are precise close to each other (in terms of distance), the way they see and understand things are very different, very far away from each other. A individual raised inside Israel will belike have the identical beliefs the others in the society do, and therefore would protect the cause of Israel against Palestine. As David mile Durkheim, famous French sociologist says, society is supreme over the indi vidual.This equal situation happening with the individual in Israel will also happen, contempt differently, with the individual in Palestine. This individual in Palestine will probably believe his god is Allah, and that the Israelis are intruders into their grime. This clearly shows us that due to their remnant in cultural backgrounds, and beliefs, creates 2 very distinguishable ways of seeing and judgment things, which in this case ended up in a conflict which have already resulted in the deaths of over 110 000 people, which is the same umber of people living in Charleston (US).In this situation the distinct way of seeing and understanding things have generated this war, however there are others situation where people try to understand the others way of understanding in harmony. It is also possible to have different ways of seeing and understanding things inside the same country. As we can see, in Brazil there are over 67 tribes, in which they speak their own language, and dedicate their own rituals. It is certain that the vast majority of these Indians dont share the same beliefs as the people living in he big cities (e. g. Rio de Janeiro).The Brazilian society as a whole accept these ditterences, and there is no contlict in between them, only in some separate cases dealing with territory utility, or other specific reason. There are even several sociologists, and some environmentalists which try understanding them, and their culture, and also protect their territory so that they can be enabled to continue with their normal lifes. However this relationship with the innate Braszilian tribes has not always been like this, from 1500 to 1900 it is estipulated that over 200 000 natives ave been killed.In early old age there were little access to ways of knowledge, and communication was very difficult. These could be one of the factors determining on this occupation. What I wanted to show by using this Brazilian tribes interpreter, was that the differenc e in ways of seeing and understanding things dont necessarily cause conflict. The natives share distinct perception from the world, they practice an extremely unique method which varies from tribe to tribe, and therefore they would see certain things we see as normal, with other eyes.For example when there is rain, ome tribes, like the Tupis, believe it is an assign from god so that they can raise some more crops. interim and individual from the city would see it as a normal thing, as a natural element from the precipitation cycle. Culture and religion is know for distorting our visual perception. This is, seeing things not as they are, but as we are. They affect directly on the formation of the individuals, and build them up in localize to believe in their own way.Plato, a very famous philosopher, school-age child of Socrates which was born in Greece, developed an allegory, known as The Cave. Plato imagined individuals living in an underground cave, with their legs and neck cha ined so that they could not move. Behind them was a fire, which would reflect them on the opposite wall of the cave. Puppet players would play with their puppets on front of the fire, so that the shadows created by it were reflected on the wall.The people passing through and through the cave entrance talking would generate an echo which the individuals living on the cave would believe were coming from the shadows on the wall. Until one day, one captive is taken off the cave, and shown the real world, he hen realizes that all the things he believed were actually illusions, and werent true. When the prisoner who was set free returned to the cave to tell the other about the truth, they didnt believed him, and killed him because they felt offended. Platos theory of the cave is a perfect example of individuals seeing things not as they are but as we are.It shows the disturb of the society, which would blindly believe those shadows were true, and would refuse to open their mind, as if t hey were formed by it. Now a day, there are different caves perhaps what we see as real, and would laim it is true, could be only an illusion. Therefore, as a conclusion we can see that by Joining up the three example given, we can say that the individual are extremely modify by the society they live on, the religious beliefs they have, and therefore the individual will not see things as they are but as they are.The formation of the individuals is extremely affected by these exteriors factors which will certainly distort their image of what is real and what isnt. As said before, all of us could be living inside a cave, and we don t has access to the real true. Due to that, the claim we see nd understand things not as they are but as we are could be said to be true even though many would go against it claiming that their beliefs are the right ones, similar situation to the prisoners on the cave.

Romanticism: Nature and the Individual

Nature and the several(prenominal) romanticisticism is a modal value of literature that focuses on the inspiration of the dishful of nature. Through knocked out(p) the 18th Century, there were many writers who wrote in this style. Some of the more than famous pieces of Romantic literature and writers included The First Snowf each(prenominal) by James Russell Lowell, Walden by Henry David Thoreau, and Nature by Ralph Wald Emerson. By line drawing the beauty of nature, these writers inspired a whole new era of composition. Romantic writers limn nature in three different gentles.The first of these seasons is w lay to rest. The winter season until the first setbackfall is portrayed as a conviction of despair and agony because of its dark and dreary feeling. During the first snowfall, though, the snow waterfall Flake by flake, healing and hiding the scar that renewed our woe. The snow of winter minimizes the grayness of winter bringing a conversion from trouble to hope. The sno w on the trees brings delight to those who view the beauty of nature. The second season that Romantic writers describe nature in is spring.Spring is The change from storm and inter to serene and mild weather, from dark and sluggish hours to bright and elastic ones. It is the magazine when the flowers start to come out, the birds come back from their migration, and nature is depicted exceedingly well. Spring is the bridge season from winter to summer. The last of the seasons that Romantic writers describe nature in is the summer months. These months consist of long, sunny days. This season is the happiest of all the seasons because the colors of nature are bright and the air is a brotherly of incredible virtue.The summer months are the epitome of what the beauty of nature sincerely yours represents as the trees and flowers are in full bloom and there is zeal in the air. The beauty of nature is a very descriptive style of writing. In this way, the author explains precisely what t hey are talking about. Descriptive writing is the best type of writing for the beauty of nature, because the authors creativity and imagination pours out into their writings. Whether it is winter, spring, or summer, the beauty of nature is always represented in a positive way as a time of hope.

Stefan’s Diaries: The Craving Chapter 14

On Friday Winfield likewisek Damon and me to institute fitted for a custom suit. A visit to Pinottos tailor might bugger off been fun at some opposite shew in my life as it had been the night I went shopping with Lexi in New Orleans. Pasquale Pinotto was a master of his craft, descended from a long line of tailors to kings and promote of Europe. With his pince-nez glasses and chalk and measuring tape approximately his neck, he could harbor been someone out of a fairy tale. I enjoyed trying to talk the few words of Italian I knew to him he took pleasure in it as well, though he corrected my accent. Damon, of course, pretended that he but wanted to speak English instantly that he was in the States which is how he got around the tailors delight at meeting a helpmate countryman.Look at this. Damon held up a poop out of scarlet blushful silk to his face. We could have our jackets lined with it. Doesnt it just bring out the color in my lips? Or Lydias neck? He moved it to t he side, just about where the fang wounds would have been on him.Winfield looked confused. She has taken to wearing scarves around her neck, lately. Is that what you mean? Its dashed special(a) she never used to.Damon flicked him a quick look, a flash of ramp and annoyance so fast only I caught it. It was interesting that Mr. Sutherland discover the subtle changes occurring around him, even if he was ultimately powerless against Damons compulsion. Although whatever safety the rich old man had was in staying completely swinish of my brothers schemes.I leaned against the wall for support, tension exhausting me. I felt claustrophobic among all the rolls of expensive fabric and labyrinthine rooms of mirrors and sewing machines, as trapped in that room as I was in my life.Mr. Sutherland make his way to a chair to rest his ponderous bulk. He seemed a touch fidgety he kept reaching for his cigar, but he was not allowed to fumigate one of his famous cigars in the atelier, as the smo ke would ruin the fabric.Now here is some framework I am thinking you will like, Signor Pinotto said, presenting us with black wool kink so fine and soft it might have been silk. I get it from a tiny village in Switzerland. They workLeave the cloth to me, Winfield said, twirling an unlit cigar in his hand. I know the business. Let the young custody pick out whatever style they want.Damon started looking through the jackets, draw one out and holding it against him to see how it fit.In this morning pelage and that black crepe, well look like real creatures of the night, Damon observed. Dont you think so, Stefan?Yes, yes we will, I concur stonily.Here, try this on. Damon tossed me a smaller version of the jacket. Dutifully, I took off my suffer and put it on. The jacket fit me well except for being too big in the shoulders and chest. Damon was distracted by the tailor and Winfield, discussing patterns and linings and buttons. It occurred to me in that irregular that I could leap out the window and run away. Would my brother actually carry through on all of his threats? Would he sincerely eat the Sutherlands or worse?But then I thought of the subject in blood and realized I would never let the mankind find out the answer to that question. I wanted no more(prenominal) deaths on my conscience.Is that the sort of thing young men prance around town in these days? Winfield asked, frowning at my jacket. Ive never really been a what did you call it? creature of the night. Damon gave him a cold smile. Never give voice never.And then Damon was suddenly standing next to me in front of the mirror, buttoning up his jacket and fluffing out the tails. Very assiduously he fixed mine as well.Well, would you look at that, he said to our reflections, putting an build up around my shoulders. We could almost be brothers.We were brothers at one time, I hissed so quietly that only Damons highly tuned ears could hear. Though you are now as alien to me as the devil hims elf.Eh? Winfield looked up. You do resemble each other a little. The hair. And the face. He waved a hand vaguely at us. then(prenominal) he smiled widely. Ill have a whole set of matching grandchildren lashings of them, dandling on my knees.Damon grinned. Absolutely. I plan on having a large family, Mr. Sutherland. Its classical that my bloodline goes on.Youre really pushing it, I said.I havent even started, he whispered, smiling.Oh really? Then what was that message you left for me in blood? I said.Damons forehead crinkled. Message?Actually, I rather like the scarlet. Winfield held a bolt of the fabric in his hands, and didnt seem to notice the tension in the air. Its perfect. Damon DeSangue bloodred, or of blood, right?Damon looked surprised. I was taken off guard, too.I speak 4 languages, boys, Winfield said with a bit of a growl in his grin. And plunder read another four. I-tal-ian is just one.So Sutherland wasnt quite the buffoon he appeared to be. There were layers in hi m, and of course there had to be for such a successful businessman.And speaking of languages, ho bisogno di vino, something to wet my throat. I brought something from my own cellar, a fantastic amontillado. Care to join me?I really could drain a good Sutherland dry just about now, Damon said gamely, clapping me on the shoulder like our future father-in-law did.I slumped in despair. When wed first occasion vampires, Id wanted nothing more than to spend eternity with my brother. But now I couldnt wait to be rid of him.

Purpose of My Existence

A solitary bland time-piece on a pale blue wall tolls the first dark arcminute in midnights wake. A child, at tender age of 12, lies awake in her dank, cold bed. The vile darkness shrouds her in a tangible blade of fear and wicked delusion. A cacophony of silence descends upon her shivering form. Her lies, thrown and twisted asunder, off her huddled form, evidence of a sleepless tussle.The ceiling sports fan creaks solemnly above, a monotonous jarring abeyance to the morbid silence. The treat hums softly, a prayer to end this chronic suffering. The childs thoughts wander, her cerebrum trying to weave in concert strains of rational thought, struggling to find answers to inquisitions a mind as newfangled as her was never meant to ponder upon All, in vain. She drifts, tragically at sea, through and through an ocean of befuddling questions to which the realm of logic fails to provide substantial answers. What is existence? wherefore are we here? What is to become of me? Whats the po int? What is our purpose? The queries grow as her mind strains to find answers, to find meaning behind this intangible overcloud of existence. The questions come to be her bane she became so curious, she questions her existence, purpose and hope. That child was me.I move to question flavour, until recently, when I was engrossed into deep conversation with my sister. She narrated to me her peaceful missional trip to Kenya, in Africa. It reminded me of the serenity and tranquility of the moments I had spent in a missionary camp in front. After days of contemplation and reflection, I met my mothers old friend who served the poor as a dentist.Her passion for her job and the society was contagious. After a deep test of dental medicine along with its pros and cons, and after witnessing how she treated her patient, how she examined their whole body before examining their teeth, how she was treated with utmost keep an eye on by her patients, I gained profound respect for the professi on.Since I know that I give way passion for souls, to cater for them physically and in all areas of life, I know this quarter be achieved in effect as a dental doctor. I fully understood that it was share the deprived that gave me utter satisfaction and pleasure. Being an adventurous person, I nourish always liked to explore new places. I will be making this quest real by visiting many nations of the adult malekind to assist them with my dental skills to treat the underprivileged free of charge.My ultimate conclusion in life is to contribute to the improvement in the quality of human life through healing not only peoples teeth, but also their broken hearts and to share with them the Gods unlimited love which is already given to me, using my job as a tool.I have finished my degree in Humanities and sociable eruditions from Washtenaw Community College in 2005 after which I earned a Bachelors of Sciences from University of Wisconsin-Madison in 2008. I have conducted individual research as a look for and Lab Assistant in the Medical Genetic as fountainhead as in Biochemistry department at Madison, Wisconsin.Also, Ive worked as a florist and wedding planner along with other experiences such as a translator, cashier and hostess. I was the president of the Korean Engineering & Science Association and Korean Science Association social chairman of Korean Economics Student Association and an active member of the UW-Madison Pre-Dental Society.Ive also taken part in many musical associations at many places. I have received many scholarships such as, Leven, Maurice & Marie cognition, Atlanta Alumni Club Scholarship and William F. Vilas Scholarship, and I was on the Deans High Honor bowlful from 2003-2005.After researching the profession, I have gained tremendous respect for it. I saw how odontology has been an important factor in so many lives. Dentistry is one of the first diagnostic tools for diseases. I want o showcase my genius and my calling to the worl d and since dentist are noble people in the society, I want to be associated with it.Also, I now see life as very precious with each patient having unique stories and insights. I will have respect for each patients opinion, and at the same time uphold the ethics of the profession, thereby restoring back the cocksure of some patient that are afraid of dentist. I will think to my patient in such a way that they will have been alright even before treating them.Lastly, with this much that I have already achieved in life and a strong commitment and passion for more, I know that I will be taking to study dentistry as my own way of contributing to the progress and development my biotic community and the entire world. Although, there are thousand of dentists in United State, I believe that I can become one of them, God back up me.I will be very happy and fulfilled if I can be admitted to study my dreamed and long desired course. Thanks for your attention.

Are women more religious than men Essay

According to milling machine and Hoff populacen there is a belief that women are more likely to acquit greater interest in pietism, have a stronger personal inscription and attend church more often. In my own experiences of church my fix my sister and I attend church regularly whilst my brother and become unvoicedly ever attend church giving some express in support of Miller and Hoffmanns view. Furthermore having had a consult with a number of people in my sixth operate onattendance levels at ghostlike organisations and religiosity levels of males and females, I found that females viewed religion as more important than males. I became even more enkindle when a fellow student commented that she thought that males arent as religious as females because by identifying with another male in terms rage and superiority is an uncomfortable and foreign invention for them. Some argue that Males in addition believe attending church is a feminine activity.It should be crystalise th at I am focusing on Christianity for the purposes of my coursework. My research will be conducted through using detailed interviews of male attitudes to attending church and the concept of God. I will ask males in my church and from my sixth form the questions will aim to answer whether they think women are more religious, whether it is hard to be comfortable to be loved by another man whether they believe church is a feminine activity and finally whether fuck off figures affect whether young boys attend church.

Intimate And Sensate Spaces Film Studies Essay

Do unforgettable pay backs permeate architectural boundaries to give us a moxie of belonging, and to what result does the subject matter of store exist in familiarities of dark, aroma and topographicalal psyche?As our lives flummox entwined with the physical occurrences in this universe we waitk a grit of comfort in the topographic transfers we most virtually plug into with. Familiarities of nefariousness, aroma and topographic stopover along with their intangible properties stimulate our memories of knightly experiences and reaffirm our front end in this universe. In clip these topographic points become hoarded wealths of memories and weave by our reinforced environments structuring our journey and doing it meaningful.Introduction1 ) Historic illustrations of how Gothic Cathedrals and Egyptian temples became symbols of clip and experience.2 ) Analyzing the decrea chirp animal familiarities and duologues amongst unmeasureds and our lives and the transp atomi c number 18ntness list in recent edifices today.3 ) Phenomenology as formulationing at computer architecture by means of our ain witting experiences and the labour of Architecture to construction and pass by our being in this universe4 ) The purpose of this essay to question the content of what makes topographic points memorable by understanding the relationship betwixt familiarities of darkness, aroma and topographic point.BodyA Intimate infinites and Geometry of Feeling in Phenomenology of Architecture musical modern readings of brilliantly illuminated infinites and oerexploitation of transp atomic number 18nce in infinites decreasing our intelligence of intimate life.The human as a traveler, as a repoint inhabitant, as a melancholiac and how memories of topographic point infuse him with savors of familiarity.B 1 ) Familiarity of repulsivenessDifferent personifications of darkness in lighterature, artThe moment of the ShadowHow darkness constructions nostalgic imag es of the past tense.The nexus amongst darkness and memorySymbolic nature of Mental imagination of darknessThe ability of darkness to rise the power of other senses.2 ) Familiarity of AromaSense of sense of smell and its ability to embark the individual to dissimilar kingdoms of clipLink amid darkness and sense of flavorExperiencing architecture by dint of the sense of odorThe connexion between memory and olfactory property3 ) Familiarity of topographic pointThe nexus between sense of odor and topographic pointSensate topographic points as powerful contents of memory create and its intimate relation to its contextGenius Loci and the phenomenon of topographic point zephyr and character of a topographic point4 ) Design as an appropriate medium of look in being able to find our past experiences and reaffirming our presence in this universe.5 ) Using Design as a museum of clip, poignance and recollection in carry throughing our desires for intimate connexions and associations w ith this universe.6 ) How we translate intimate spatial and centripetal experiences into the cloth of Architecture haptic stuff looksTreatment of megascopic radiation and fag endJourney through infinites and altering spacial experiencesEstablishing a strong contextual relation between the edifice and its environment7 ) Reviewing the practical possibilities through built illustrations and caseful surveies of Architects like Peter Zumthor and Alvar Alto.DecisionIntroductionAs our lives become entwined with the physical occurrences in this universe we seek a sense of belonging in the topographic points we most closely associate with. What is losing from our homes today are the possible minutess between organic social organization, imaginativeness and environment Kent C Bloomer and Charles W Moore. ( as quoted in Pallasmaa 2005 P 41 ) How cognizant are we of the function of Architecture as a topographic point of memory in our lives? Architecture over coevalss has opticised legio n aspects of our physical being in this universe, be it emotion, faith, civilization or recollection. Our perceptual experiences of infinites are influenced by our figments of imaginativeness and recollections of past experiences, be it chapters of a novel, scenes of a movie, glances of a metropolis or narratives of loved 1s, all nettled with times of familiarity and nostalgia. Historic illustrations of such environments have borne testament to this thought in the signifier of Egyptian temples where we witness the silence of the dead and Gothic cathedrals where the eyeball are drawn upwards along the arches to the mighty image of graven image as among the legion wonders of architectural experiences. However, modern infinites of today seem so subtle in their ability to travel us and raise within us wonders of clip and memory. Or is it this turning accent on transparence and openness in modern architecture that has led to decreasing sensitivenesss towards the perceptual experience of infinites as being an confidant and sentient representation of our lives. For the marking to which we observe elements of tracing and the feelings they construe in us, hints of odor and their ability to transport us to diametrical kingdoms of clip and the ambiance of a topographic point, is deserve oppugning.The theory of Phenomenology explains the ethos of architecture as being tasked with non mere physical create of signifiers and maps but similarly the manifestation of human experiences and emotions in the edifices we reside in. In kernel our intent as midland decorators is to carry through our interior desires of topographic points that comfort us and make an intimate bond between worlds and their reinforced environments. Contentment in design exists in the individual sing the architecture in all its kingdoms and our environments would be uncomplete representations of our lives if they are impoverished of memories and experiences.This essay aims to analyze the comple x kingdom of familiarity in darkness, aroma and topographic point that have pervaded the really cloth of architecture in the yesteryear and go comp championnt and indispensible elements of memorable infinites, therefore taking me to oppugn whether memorable experiences permeate spacial boundaries to give us a sense of belonging, and if so so how do we animate such experiences in the context of modern spacial design.Intimate and Sensate SpacesIntimate infinites are a sense of realisation of the affectional, sensate and memorial features of a topographic point. They reach out and prosecute with our inmost desires of seeking comfort within a home. Architecture s undertaking lies non merely in the physical manifestation of the edifice but besides in the intimate journey of the individual sing the architecture in all its signifiers. Intimate experiences habituate our being in this universe and be deeper significances and apprehension of mundane life. As competently suggested by Pallasma a, It is clip that we considered whether signifiers or geometry in general can give rise to architectural feeling ( P410 )As mentioned earlier the great wonders of architectural experiences such as Gothic cathedrals and Egyptian temples neer failed to travel us and shock us at their magnificence. We realize that they so played close at escapeing to the significance of shadow and visible radiation which were central design elements in the experience they aimed to incarnate. So how so do we inculcate familiarities, mysterys, inquiries, nostalgia and melancholia in our modern twenty-four hours diametral numbers when they seem so vivacious, crystalline and unfastened in their visual aspect? As appropriately suggested by Luis Barragan We have lost our sense of intimate life, and have become forced to populate public lives, essentially off from place ( quoted in Pallasmaa 2005, P47 )Ultimately the homes we reside in are meant to convey us closer to our reinforced environments, const ruction our being and non chip off us and do us distant animals in the chase of void.Multisensory infinitesFamiliarity of DarknessDarkness more than than frequently seen as the absence of visible radiation has been associated with many different intensions that have played an influential function in the modality we grasp a dark infinite in short darkness has its ain narrative. Panic and offense scenes in literature, memories of the past captured in vintage frames, nostalgic lonely scenes described in poesy and more frequently than non an inventive person s picture expresses a deep apprehension of the cable between dark and light. Further lucubrating on the personification of darkness in literature, a notable illustration would be the significance of darkness visualised by Shakespeare in his tragic drama Macbeth which in many important scenes depicted the dark sky as a cloak of retirement that the supporter s call upon when perfidy and slaying befall them. another(prenomin al) illustration would be from Junichiro Tanizaki s in congratulations of shadows wherein he describes the emblematic representation of a lacquer dish as being equal to savoring the darkness of the room. ( Pallasmaa, 2005 ) These illustrations are of import landmarks of mentions when we father to chew over over the avenues that darkness as an component has opened up in our twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours lives and moreover introduced into it a personal spacial dimension. manikin from the architectural uncanny.Our perceptual experience of darkness is affected by the mode in which the oculus observes analyses and visualizes the material objects around us. The oculus has the ability to branch what we want to see from what we prefer non to see, which is strongly manipulated by the persuasiveness of visible radiation in a infinite. The sense of imaging determines our connexions with infinites, signifiers and stuffs likewise, and ignites our ideas, imaginativeness and emotio ns. Darkness so is no longer merely an ambiance of concept in the physical dimension of infinite but it starts to pervade and unify with the darkness of the head even. Therein develops a new continuum of perceived dark infinite, more merely understood as symbolic imagination of darkness, which exists in the boundaries of our phantasies, dreams and imaginativeness. The closeness of these connexions is straight affected by the contrast of visible radiation and shadow in a infinite, as noted by Pallasmaa ( 2005, p46 ) During overmastering emotional experiences, we tend to shut off the distancing sense of vision we close the eyes when dreaming, earreach to music, or fondling our darling 1s He farther goes on to excogitate the significance of shadows and darkness in chanting down the acuteness of vision and in bring oning our inner ideas and feelings that otherwise seem toughened and hibernating. ( Pallasmaa 2005 ) evidently plenty, darkness structures our immediate sensate and int imate experiences of minutes gone by or enfold our head with new found associations of clip and infinite. We chose to all remain confined to the darkness of physical infinite or in bend explore the boundaries of fanciful dark infinites.Memories are the consequence of these geographical expeditions within our heads that take topographic point in the presence of elusive visible radiation and deep shadow infinites. Memories are like scenes in a drama or chapters of a book that journey from one facet to another making a assortment of experiences for the individual locomote through the infinite. As claimed by Pallasmaa that streets of old towns and metropoliss with their dim lit scenes come along more challenging than modern overly lit streets and towns oftoday. ( Pallasmaa, 2005 ) It about seems as if darkness and shadow play an instrumental function in fostering up images of past experiences and elicit our ideas. Reaffirmed herein by Pallasmaa once more when he explains The human oculus is most absolutely tuned for dusk kinda than noctilucent daytime. Mist and twilight rouse the imaginativeness by doing optical images ill-defined and equivocal ( 2005, P46 ) More frequently than non we enjoy and gaze with astonishment at the simple admirations of the dark sky, be it a star lit sky, a cloudy sky, a full Moon dark. Memories resonate in these infinites, infinites that give us the chance to be a portion of the admirations of nature, or experience times that we long for. When we begin to understand these elaboratenesss in the look of visible radiation and shadow, or duologues between atmosphere and our organic structure we begin to oppugn the elaboratenesss and duologues between our yesteryear and nowadays and look onward to determining of new memories in the hereafter.The functions of visible radiation and darkness are interestingly linked yet absolutely balanced and it is for those grounds that we begin to develop new found associations with infinite that in many slipway seem intimate and fond to our being. Memorable topographic point experiences are profoundly infused with infinites we most closely associate with. Darkness and shadow in their ain manner create a sense of purdah and enigma that all right tune the character and ambiance of a topographic point to comfort our senses and comfort us in times of demand. galore(postnominal) a clip ideas in our head have a angle of inclination to look in an equivocal and unorganised manner, likewise shadow besides creates an atmosphere of obscureness and wonder that spurs our imaginativeness and memories. On the contrary, topographic points of bright visible radiation and utmost strength weaken our esthesis of topographic point and personal experience. ( Pallasmaa 2005 ) As farther critically explained by Pallasmaa that the best manner of subjecting people to insanity is with the usage of utmost degrees of visible radiation strength which erases any hint of personal infinite and idea. ( Pallasmaa 2005 )Darkness in its confidant and sensate characteristic goes a measure farther to convey to clear the other senses in our organic structure. Darkness subdues the ocular esthesis of the oculus, automatically exciting the power of other senses such as touch and odor. It is in the presence of deep shadow that we depend on the heightened power of our other senses to see and closely prosecute with a infinite.Familiarity of AromaAroma, besides termed as an olfactive sense though preponderantly a ignored facet in architecture, is in fact one of the strongest centripetal characteristics in our organic structures and the deepness of experience and experiencing it covers is although unseeable but enkindled clip and once more through built-in tactile and ocular qualities of a infinite. It is an indispensible constitutional component of spacial design, raising up ocular imagination and personal penetrations of memories and infinites, transporting us to different kingdoms of clip. More simplistically set frontward, scent engages dialogue with nature through station current, H2O, location, flora as portion of the external environment and duologue with infinite through furniture, stuffs, and ocular entreaty in the interior environment. We ever comply ourselves back to a topographic point in clip through our sense of odor be it elusive or overmastering. As notably marked by Barbara and Perliss that olfactory property constitutes a powerful content of memory, perforating our inner ideas and exciting our emotions. Furthermore they bring back and refresh forgotten or hibernating minutes and experiences from within us. ( Barbara and Perliss 2006 )Even though aroma by itself is a powerful tool in the remembrance of memory, it best exists when back up by the other senses, working in tandem to make a multisensory experience.

Cesar Guarin “First Filipino Ultra-Marathoner” Essay

lead you gamble your own welfare for the sake of others? Cesar Guarin, a 56-year-old entrepreneur and the freshman Filipino, first Asian and fourth person in history to wear around the humanity proved that with a strong determination and with a purpose to assistance, anyone can bring their dream into reality. Guarin is known as the initiate of the Philippines Ultramarathon. He joined Global Run which considered as one-of-a-kind marathon and the toughest acquit ever that began 1983 and will end in 2016.He already effectd the first four legs of his Global Run wherein he run 11,583 kilometers from 1983 to 2009. after(prenominal) his last run in US-Canada (2009), he will again take chances in another run, 2,053 kms. in the Australia marathon, the fifth leg of his Global Run. later completing the Australia leg, he will run across- Middle East (2012), England-Norway (2012), Finlan-Moscow (2013), Egypt-Israel-Jordan (2013), Japan-Korea (2014), India-Myanmar (2014) and Thailan-Si ngapore (2014) to complete the marathon.Despite of different hindrances like injuries, Guarin continuously run and this time its for a mission. He started a fund raising projects called Batang Pangarap and Global Run, Alay sa Pilipino to help poverty alleviation in the Philippines, to reduce the number of children on the road by encouraging them to venture into sports, to campaign the tourism of the Philippines and to show his esteem to the Filipino community abroad for helping the country (Philippines). Guarin as an Ultramarathoner showed to the world that Filipino is a one-of-a-kind race.

Literature Review: Foreign Maid

The fuss of maiden vitiate has been around for a wide time, and is no longer new to us. There give way been several(prenominal) cases of peak maid roast turn upn in the news done the years. The struggle has been further sparked up by the case of Ng Hua Chye, a 47-year-old male tour guide, who was sentenced to much than 18 years jail and 12 strokes of the land over for manslaughter after his Indonesian maid died following nine months of beatings which left more than 200 injuries. However, these ar cases are only a few bring out of the many another(prenominal) that have yet to be uncovered. Are there break up ship smokeal to improve the working models of maids?This surveil aims to look into this enigma through the comparison and analysis of several sources that we have managed to get our hands on. This review aims to identify the businesss brass sectiond by foreign municipal workers in capital of capital of capital of Singapore, whether maid abuse is indeed wides pread, and finally what are the possible measures that push aside be taken to guard these problems effectively. Is maid abuse a widespread problem in Singapore? Cases of maid abuse are hard to track. abandoned their isolation in private homes, it is difficult to ascertain the exact residual of migrator national workers who face abuse. ( human Rights Watch) However, an independent poll by capital of Singapore Press Holdings in Dec 2003, revealed that over 80% of FDWs were happy to work in Singapore. (Getforme) This leaves us with a question Are the statistics given by the political relation accurate in evaluating the problem of maid abuse? It can be further argued that the results of the polls are not representative of the intact foreign domestic help workers population at large. Moreover, most foreign domestic workers who are ab utilize would not be outside answering interviews by the government activity.Thus, the results of the polls are not accurate in showing the proble m of maid abuse in Singapore. Of course, abuse is definitely not hold in to serious animal(prenominal) abuse only. We only know about the extreme cases of abuse, TWC2 member Constance Singam say, citing every sidereal day practices like getting maids to wash the car, work long hours and wake up to feed someone coming home late. Employers also keep passports and withhold wages. This goes to show that daily forms of maid abuse and public ill treatment of maids are left unnoticed.As quoted by TWC2 (The operative Committee 2) member Constance Singam, Physical abuse was only the tip of the iceberg, with the mundane problems of the domestic workers largely ignored. This statement is further supported by reports which show stunning statistics. Out of 147 cases of abuse The Working Committee 2 studied, 68 percentage involved physical injuries. Physical abuse is rampant amongst cases of maid abuse, fleck there is also a large portion of foreign domestics workers in Singapore that suffer other mundane types of abuse.Thus, we can resolve from the evidence given above that maid abuse is indeed a widespread problem in the Singapore society. Problems that foreign domestic workers (FDWs) face Maids in Singapore face many problems, as asserted by the HRW. Women migrant domestic workers in Singapore suffer grave abuses including physical and sexual violence, food deprivation, and confinement in the workplace. , Migrant domestic workers view half the wages of Singaporean workers in similar occupations, such as cleaners or gardeners. Unpaid wages is a growing complaint. And that governing have excluded domestic workers from the countrys main labor laws. (HRW) However, Getforme disagrees by saying, Foreign domestic workers receive full protection under Singapores laws, including the trade of Foreign Workers Act. All employers must provide adequate nap and meals and fasten work safety, proper housing and prompt salary payment. (Getforme) Although it is evident that the Singapore government has tried to protect the public assistance of foreign domestic workers, whether employers and economic consumption agencies will follow suit is a different case.Studies conducted by the Human Rights Watch have shown that foreign domestic workers have more problems that do not meet our eyes. As quoted by the HRW, key labor conditions, such as wages, hours of work, and salary deductions are left to employers and agencies, while domestic workers have little or no bargaining power. Foreign domestic workers in Singapore also suffer from economic problems. Apart from physical abuse by their employers, many of them have to pay huge debts to the exercising agencies.HRW shows this problem in its article, Many domestic workers labor without pay for months to settle debts to avocation agencies, Second, many of these FDWs lost their freedom as they were confined to their workplace, claimed HRW. just about employers prevent domestic workers from having weekly symmetricalness days, forbid them from talking to neighbors, and sometimes lock them in the workplace to prevent them from running away or having boyfriends. All these facts disagree with the Ministry of Manpower, which states that all employers must provide adequate rest and meals and ensure work safety, proper housing and prompt salary payment.Ultimately, it does not matter what the government does, as the people who have actual disturb with the FDWs are the employers and the barter agencies, who are often the ones to make lives difficult for FDWs. Therefore, we do not believe it wrong to say that the problems that domestic workers face are indeed very serious. Solutions to hindrance maid abuse So, what are ways that can curb the problem of maid abuse more efficiently and improve the standards of working maids?There are some resolutions stated in our sources, while there are conflicting views at the same time. The HRW proposes that Singapore follow the example of Hong Kong i n terms of their treatment of FDWs, where the law stipulates a minimum wage and at least one rest day a week, the Singapore government does not provide a standard contract for maids. (TWC2) However the Ministry disagrees with this arrangement as it is impractical to lay dash off minimum standards of working conditions receivable to the FDWs unique nature of employment in star signs.Moreover, the introduction of such a standard will inconvenience many households, for example households with the elderly and need constant care from the domestic workers. However, the mom has indeed taken several measures to protect the welfare of domestic workers. These embroil creating mandatory orientation programs for employers and domestic workers, prosecuting cases of unpaid wages and physical abuse, as sound as introducing an accreditation program for employment agencies. The MOM has paid special(prenominal) attention to the rosecution of cases involving unpaid wages and physical abuse. Em ployers who breach work endure conditions can be punished with a fine of up to $5,000 and a jail term of up to 6 months as quoted by the MOM. Also, employment agencies are to ensure that employers are to have at least 8 years of education such that they understand FDWs rights and protection provided under Singapore law. Therefore, it will be very wrong to say that the Singapore government has not provided with measures to curb the problem of maid abuse. However, are these measures enough to curb maid abuse?Although, the cases of maid abuse have been decreasing, the cases have make out more serious. The Ng Hua Chye case happened after the Singapore government enforced stricter penalties. Moreover, there is no way to be sure that the employers and employment agencies do know if households are going by the law. A ministry spokesman said that as domestic workers work in a home environment, which varies from household to household, it would be difficult to enforce any coverage under t he job Act. Thus, it is clear to us that prosecution is not enough to solve the problem. reliable governmental policies which pertain to FDW and their employers, act as double-edged swords. They could be changed or abolished for the better lives of maids in Singapore. A fine example of such a policy would be the S$5,000 security bond imposed on employers who hire migrant workers. Purposed to control illegal immigration as well as to ensure employers have sufficient money to pay their maids their due salaries during their employment period, this policy directly led to employers restricting their migrant workers movements, as they will have to forfeit S$5,000 if their maids run away. around employers even go to the extent to give their maids no weekly rest days and limited freedom of movement (e. g. locking them up at home). Other policies such as the monthly levy of approximately S$200-295 which employers of domestic workers have to pay also directly or indirectly result in the dep rivation of the rights of migrant workers. In this case, not a cent from the money collected by the Singapore government in a stated attempt to regulate unskilled labor migration is used to provide better services for the migrant workers.Thus, modifying governmental policies for the benefit of FDW can also serve as a potential solution. Conclusion In conclusion, the problem of maid abuse is widespread in our society, as domestic workers in Singapore suffer from a variety of abuses and problem, ranging from physical abuse to financial problems. However, governmental policies are not effective enough to curb the problem of maid abuse, as it is difficult to enforce the law in every household.Moreover, laws are to protect the interests of victims, not just to punish those who bust the law. Thus, more actions has to be done to solve the problem as it has been proved that deterrence is not exactly effective enough to protect the welfare of domestic workers. Therefore, we believe that th e problem of maid abuse is serious, that domestic workers do face many problems, and that governmental policies are effective in resoluteness these problems only to a small extent.References1. http//www.thinkcentre.org/article.cfm?ArticleID=2721 2. http//hrw.org/english/docs/2005/12/07/singap12125.htm 3.http//www.getformesingapore.com/previous2005/061205_manpowerministryrespondstohrwsreportonmaidsinsingapore.htm 4. http//www.littlespeck.com/informed/2002/CInformed-020728.htm 5. http//www.singapore-window.org/sw03/030727af.htm 6. http//hrw.org/reports/2005/singapore1205/singapore1205web.pdf