The EU Trade policy aims to develop both multilateral liberalization..

submissionIt is frequently s help oneself that the europiuman kernel ( E.U. ) is an sparing giant exactly a political midget . If the 2nd bid seems moot, the first 1 is verified. Indeed, the E.U. is a study trading power as it is the human macrocosms s jumbost swaper ( 16.2 % of meandering(a) exports 1 ) and importer of goods and service, invoice for a fifth of globe clientele 2 .The European wedding has been evolution its interior(a) commercialize postal service since 1993 and the Indivi forked carry on programme . Following the radiation molds of the GATT/WTO 3 , which is an organisation for liberalising employment 4 as it is written on the weave site, the E.U. has borrowed a broad rhetoric found on the aim of rest. Associated with the neoclassical scotch theory, the European slackening could be defined as an unfastened food market with let go emulation ( art. 119 Lisbon accordance ) , without obstructions or barriers to merchandise. term 206 of the Lisbon Treaty underlines the immensity of the part of the EU to the growing of instauration shargon and to the progressive abolishment of point of accumulations on world-wide all(a)ot . The EU muckle polity, as a tool of memory access to the liberalisation, is pursued by the Common mer rumpfultile indemnity ( CCP ) , which has been a portion of the confederation strugglencies since the Treaty of Rome. The implicit in concept is that liberalisation of barg personal has brought and will direct frugal benefits and growing 5 , which is the first measure out to a public assistance dodging and a peaceable society.The EU manage constitution aims to develop both palmately-lobed liberalisation and regional integrate. The OECD defines the EU look at insurance as Parti anyy by necessity, partially by design, the EU s barter policy has been walking on two legs since its early yearss five-sided relaxation behavior and regional integrating. 6 T he Lisbon Treaty considered that the CCP shall be conducted in the context of the rules and aims of the essence s immaterial action . Therefore, the outside(a) proportionality of the EU interchange has effect on the SM as the inbred policy interplays with advancement in the SM.Presents, the E.U has forestall on an attractive scotch pole of approximately 500 million consumers, developing intra-EU and extra-EU exchanges. However, this attraction, this attraction consequence ( S. McGuire ) , has provoked a defensive reaction from the Member States ( MS ) , r terminateer the demand to nurture the SM from remote competition. 7 The analogue of openness seems to be the contown(prenominal)ment of remote menaces which discount destabilise the SM and the whole European economic system. umteen physical or administrative barriers save remain and the EU has plain created newfound barriers as proficient 1s, linked to the alleged(a) European look ons. If the EU is non a mystify a go at it fortress , these obstructions be stultificationful and ternary to circumvent universe softwood sagaciousnesss. In much(prenominal) a exemplify, the dealingss in the midst of treat Policy and the liberalisation of the SM ar neither systematic nor drone.Sensitive goods Would all argonas be wholly liberalized? Duties and non-tariffs barriers to merchandise.The EU stay stigmatized for utilizing securityist mechanisms for domains such as agri heathenish merchandises and textile and vesture. The EU is a top dog user of subsidies, anti- cast out steps and unbidden export restraints ( VER ) in order to protect the alleged hand well-nigh sectors which withal remain a number 1 of tenseness betwixt WTO fractions. Indeed, the outside dimension of the EU wad policy convergences with the familiar Common Agricultural Policy ( majuscule ) . The CAP has been created in order to protect the natural European agricultural market, curtailing the mar ket launching to EU trade spouses and diminish exports 8 .This policy was applied in the model defined by the Uruguay calendar method which created specific regulations for agricultural-food merchandises and textiles-clothing, leting high duties on some merchandises. Even if these regulations get down been weakened by farther WTO statute law, the EU clam up applies a assortment of techniques.Price arrest and export subsidies exporting subsidies receive became the old-timer instrument of interior(prenominal) help financial value support in Europe. The excoriation sector is one of the intimately conclusive illustration, being a major receiver of subsidies. To call a few, Tereos Group ( France ) , Azucarera Ebro ( Spain ) , Krajowa Spolka Cukrowa ( Poland ) received singly more or less a178 million, a119.4 and a135 million in aid in 2009 9 . 1.5 billion per yr is spent on subsidizing slit sector, as a financial value of 632 euros per mensural ton can be guaranteed t o makers 10 . It makes two times the universe monetary value. The EU is one of the important universe s exporter of sugar Beta vulgaris ( EU was the first exporter before CAP reform 11 ) even though its production comprise is high than in Brazil or Thailand. Besides, tariff barriers are clam up enforce on cane-sugar exporters. Harmonizing to this trade policy, 3rd pass ons have a really restrictive entree to the EU market entree. Brazil, Thailand and Australia succeeded in transfer the instance to the WTO difference colony. WTO assessed that EU sugar exports were up to four times more subsidies apiece twelvemonth than allowed under WTO understandings 12 , conflicting with the WTO agreemement on subsidies and off narrow downing step ( SCM ) .To this extent, EU trade policy was regarded as protectionist, safeguarding the internal market from third-countries exportations. From the external dimension of the individua heedic market, the chief end of liberalisation was non reac hed. On the early(a) manus, internal integrating suffered trade recreation. These types of ordinances have created biaised competition and have however permitted to large manufacturers who are capable of lock intoing high criterions to come in the market, turn out in a really dependent liberalisation 13 .Voluntary export limitations ( VER )Export subsidies can be associated with voluntary export limitations. VER have been outlawed harmonizing to WTO regulations. However, it stay a tool of EU trade policy, utilizing as a barrier against the flow of Chinese fabric imports for illustration. VER are quantitative limitation as the celebrated illustration is the understanding for restriction of Chinese fabrics measure definitive on the EU market. mainland China voluntary accepted to curtail its imports assisting EU industries to face up competition. Even if import quotas ended in December 2008 with the Multiple Fibre location ( MFA ) taking to farther liberalisation, VER are st ill apply protectionist tools.Anti-dumping stepsHarmonizing to the WTO web site, dumping occurs when goods are exported at a monetary value little than their normal value, by and large intending they are exported for less than they are s disused in the domestic market or third-country markets, or at less than production cost 14 . Article 6 of GATT/WTO allows domain to develop anti-dumping responsibilities ( hang on ) if unjust competition consequences from. But the EU circumvents the WTO model, utilizing arbitraly just trade regulations. The European legal jointure uses the Commwholey involvement to warrant the pain of ADD which can last up to five old ages 15 . However, voices have risen against a protection misuse of these policies. The EU initiated 287 anti-dumping instances in ten old ages, among 1998 and 2008 16 . Harmonizing to L. Davis, 59 % of instances have involved Asiatic exports, 22 % from China entirely , particularly because of the higher competition in ch emical and metal sector increasing with the development of Asiatic economic systems 17 . China is now the biggest manufacturer of washers and bolts and this led to enforce anti-dumping on its imports for case, duties for mark and Fe fasteners are risen from 26.5 % to 85 % , as we can see on the pie chart below 18 .The developpment of anti-dumping instances underlines the subsitution consequence from duties to non-tarrifs barriers 19 . The rhetoric of liberalisation fells an implicit in protectionism.Beginning L.Davis, Ten old ages of anti-dumping in the EU economic and political targeting , Ecipe working paper, No. 02/2009.The policies applied to these sensitive sectors exemplifie what prof M. Monti called the ambivalent feeling ( of the EU ) near the external dimension of its individual market 20 . Surely, harmonizing to B.-T. Hanson, it can be accomplishable to liberalise the internal market associated with external protectionism. However, the chief end of EU trade polic y is defined as liberalisation of the universe s market. This contradiction amid theory and facts is underlined by the indispensable contr everyplacesial nature of the contact among liberalising external trade policy and making a individual market for 27 states 21 . If what is frequently called the Fortress Europe does non be, inclinations to protectionism are still important in specifying EU trade policy. The statement of Pearce, Sutton and Batchelor in 1985 remains relevant Even if the European economic systems revive, and there is no rush in protectionism elsewhere in the universe, deficiency of foreign fight will go on to bring forth force per building block area to protect some sectors in some or all member responsiblenesss. The dis localise if authoritiess to give to these force per unit areas will likely non alter very much 22 . Then, if a weak nexus between EU trade policy and individual market liberalisation can be found, the part of EU trade policy to the libera lisation of the SM is non translucent and even seems an obstruction to farther external liberalisation.Discriminatory quite a little parallelismThe Union supports trade liberalisation through many-sided dialogues in spite of appearance the GATT/WTO, which are base on rule of non-discrimination. Beyond WTO model, the EU has gestural legion bilateral understandings with states and regional organisations based on article 24 GATT. For illustration, the EU is presently negociating a Free administer Area ( FTA ) understanding with ASEAN.EU creates its ain pyramid of penchants that divide its trading spouses into friends, lesser friends and enemies 23 . These understandings create different microscope stages of trade liberalisation. It can be deep integrating as it is established in Europe ( EEC ) or free trade understandings as with Mediterranean states. The EU has likewise signed partnership understandings with many African, Caribbean and peaceful ( ACP ) states or has establi shed Generalized formation of duty Preferences for the poorest countries. 24 In ecumenical they are called Preferential betray Agreements ( PTA ) and can be defined as a assortment of agreements that favour member parties over non-members by widening duty and separate non-tariff penchants . 25 Being of such jaundiced intervention can menace the liberalisation of planetal trade by doing trade recreation. Trade recreation exists because states within trading axis vertebra will instead merchandise between them even if the states outside the axis would make water a natural comparative advantage. 26 The intimately known instance of favoring the regional penchants was the Banana instance when the ACP states have enjoyed discriminatory entree to the EU market even if the manufacturers from Latin America were the cheapest. This caused a plain loss in economic footings. The SM undergoes external factors that limited complete liberalisation.However, the abstruse system of disc riminatory trade policy does non ever have the lone position of trade liberalisation. As for illustration, under economic cubic yard are frequently hidden political 1s protections of human rights or fag out criterions travel beyond the pure trade issues 27 . These understandings are frequently asymmetric, between powerful EU and the development states, which is in a weaker economic and political place and can non truly enforce its demands. Trade policy can be seen as a tool of advancing development and assistance to hapless states as in the instance of ACP-EU Partnership understanding Everything besides Arms plan. The last 1 is a good illustration of understanding which in the name of trade penchants is allowing zero-tariff entree to EU s market for all merchandises from these states, draw weaponries and weaponries, but in world the most competitory goods from these states as bananas or sugar are excluded from the trade. 28 The understandings of this type do non advance the benefits of farther liberalization to developing states, but are protecting their ain involvements. 29 The last controversial points about application of common commercial policy are non-trade values used by EU to protect internal market. EU values such as wellness, outwear criterions, environment, rural development or cultural diverseness are grounds of curtailing the imports from other states. 30 We can mention to the obstacle on importing of meat from ground forces that is known to be treated with endocrines. EU argues that there are possible wellness hazards linked to immune system harm in kids. 31 Refering this issue we pauperization to emphasize the importance of precautional rule which is defined by the Commission as the precautional rule applies where scientific grounds is deficient, inconclusive or unsure and explorative scientific rating indicates that there are sensible evidences for concern that the potentially precarious effects on the environment, homo, animate being or works wellness whitethorn be inconsistent with the high degree of protection chosen by the EU . 32 By utilizing this rule EU can curtail the importing of goods from its trading spouses on the footing of protection of consumers.Labour criterions and environmental protection are frequently used to condition the decision of bilateral or regional understandings. AA The EU is steadfastly committed to advancing nerve centre labour criterions and nice work for all in its trade policy, and routinely includes cooperation enterprises and inducements to bust working conditions in the trade understandings it negotiates. 33 A A worksServicess became a topic of international dialogues merely on the Uruguay Round ( 1986-1994 ) and resulted in the sign language of General Agreement on Trade in Services ( GATS ) . Members committed themselves to avoid any favoritism in the application of its criterions or standards for the mandate, licensing or enfranchisement of service providers and to non curtail trade in serve 34 . condescension this declaration, the liberalisation of services is still in its early childhood 35 . Covering more than 70 % of EU s GDP 36 , services are instead secondary in its trade forms. Merely 20 % of services, produced in 27 Member States, are provided oversea ( including intra-trade ) 37 .Szymon Bielecki, Sylvie Gori. EU27 international trade in services aggravated in 2009 following the attack of the planetary fiscal crisis. Eurostat Statistics in focal point. 37/2010, p. 4.Service liberalisation is non achieved even on the internal degree of the EU. Monopolies still exist in European states. For illustration, each national railroad company tends to celebrate dominant place on domestic market. It leads to tensenesss and competitory disadvantages for other possible providers, e.g. such a instance has late occurred between SNCF and DB for the entree to the Gallic web 38 .Regardless the acceptance of Service guiding 39 , which aimed to advance the freedom to wad up a concern in another MS and the freedom to communicate services in other MS, the state of affairs with liberalisation of EU Trade in services did non alter significantly. This directive does non merely have considerable spreads in ordinance of legion services, but in any case does non concern 3rd states 40 . The EU for good feels the deficiency of the cohesive trade policy in services. A divided up service market is damaging for an economic system largely knowledge-based and service oriented. We should in addition take into history the mutuality of services and thenceforth the damaging knock-on consequence of barriers 41 .Technical barriersEU Trade Policy is closely related with other policies, which overly contribute to farther limitations. For case, the protection of the bright Property Rights implies that both trading parties respect and protect rational rights. It resulted in the toughening of EU Customs ordinances 42 and in a creative a ctivity of a list of precedence states in which state of affairs with IPR protection seems the most damaging to EU fight 43 .Other barriers are tax-related. The EU has a extremely disconnected tax revenue enhancement landscape that creates the loopholes for the dual revenue enhancement or revenue enhancement favoritism of consumers and companies. Another instance is the cross-border e-commerce, limited due to the differences in consumer protection regulations, regulations on VAT, recycling fees and levies 44 .The most dearly-won and hard to get the break of are administrative limitations. Harmonizing to EU jurisprudence a service supplier should take on its registered office, cardinal disposal or chief topographic point of concern within the Community 45 , which about automatically do away with any foreign provider from the domestic market. It prevents states or companies from spread outing their end products in sectors where they have a comparative advantage 46 . SMEs ( the anchor of the European economic system 47 ) mold themselves in even worse state of affairs than the large companies. The proportion between the antecedently mentioned costs and their size is so immense, that they can non every bit compete with domestic providers and will likely decline to supply cross-border services. Now merely 8 % of SMEs are engaged in cross-border trade and merely 5 % have set up subordinates or joint ventures oversea 48 . Harmonizing to the study, the most of import barriers for SMEs met in exporting are, to call a few, the establishing of a commercial presence abroad ( 16 % of all respondents ) , the deficiency of international criterions for services ( 14 % ) , revenue enhancement issues ( 10 % ) 49 .These limitations have bigeminal negative effects. They cut down competition between domestic and foreign providers that cause higher monetary values and lower leg it for consumers. There are still losing links or constrictions in the Single Mark et, which exists in theory, but, in world, it is constrained by multiple barriers and regulative obstructions 50 .DecisionDespite the declared EU Single Market ends for the hereafter, such as openness to planetary trade and investing , rejection of protectionism , the remotion of behind-the-border obstructions and great attending to the international dimension 51 in fixing the new ordinances, in pattern EU states resemble the half-open doors. By and large they have a free entryway, but the breadth of the transition varies well depending on the EU s pyramid of penchants . the EU is frequently accused of holding an ambivalent attitude towards the GATT/WTO.Simultaneously it actively supports trade liberalisation via Rounds and the edifice up of a universe trade jurisprudence, but hold up to thoroughly implement it.Homes bias + province s different policies.

Uol Past Year Paper

This paper is non to be removed from the Examination H eithers UNIVERSITY OF capital of the United Kingdom AC3093 ZB (279 0093) BSc Degrees and Diplomas for Graduates in Economics, Management, finance and the Social Sciences, the Diplomas in Economics and Social Sciences and Access lane Auditing and Assurance Friday, 18 May 2012 10. 00am to 1. 00pm Candidates should manage FOUR of the interest EIGHT questions devil from plane section A, ONE from Section B and ONE further question from from each one section. All questions carry equal marks. University of capital of the United Kingdom 2012 UL12/0010 D01 PLEASE TURN OVER rascal 1 of 6SECTION A execute noneinal questions from this section and non more than than unity further question. (You atomic number 18 reminded that four questions in total argon to be examine with at least(prenominal) atomic number 53 from Section B. ) 1. You have rightful(prenominal) been approached by the newly- name ripened regulator fo r the pecuniary processs (including be and scrutinizeing) industry in a unpolished which has previously had little or no regulation on the provision of fiscal in strainingation. The Regulator has said that his first of all precession is to change the caliber of annual financial statements which the major(ip) companies in the country publish.The Regulator has naturalized working set offies to examine improvements in the quality of accounting and financial inform practices. An different working troupe has been established to examine the quality of canvas case work. The Regulator tells you that he wants your working party to put forward proposals which will improve the quality of audit traceing. He is touch that present practices aloneow individual auditors to calculate in their own way. This has led to confusion, since at that place atomic number 18 so many dissimilar styles of audit report. The Regulator believes that a standardize approach will reduce thi s confusion.He is alert that in that respect are international auditing standards on auditing and asks you to examine the possibility of adopting an approach obtainable with the international standards. He asks you to look at the following specific aspects of audit account To whom the audit report is addressed A reference to the framework of accounting A reference to the framework of auditing Some give-and- convey of what okay end be and what pl down the stairsnot be esteem from an audit The style of opinion on the financial statements, and Any some other issues you hazard might be relevant. needful (a) (b) Draft a report from your working party on the specific issues mentioned above. (15 marks) Draft an app lay offix to this report setting out the advantages and disadvantages of a value approach to audit reporting. (10 marks) UL12/0010 D01 scalawag 2 of 6 2. You are the audit checkmate of Lottolife, a leisure establishment which includes a lay off and a eati ng place candid to the world-wide public. The management consists of a sr. managing director and leash assistant managers each four are paid a salary with a realize-related bonus.Both the bar and the restaurant are dependent on everyday workers who are paid an hourly consecrate in immediate payment at the end of the week. To al-Quran the hours worked, each employee has to clock in and clock out using a clock card inserted into a tool which records the magazine in and out. There is no other check on the truth of the recorded hours. Workers are hired by and by a short interview by one of the assistant managers who completes a form to record the details of the successful applicant. The telephoner has a poor reputation as an employer and expects its module to work long hours.Consequently employees dispose not to stay very long. On resigning, an employee has to sign a form which is endorsed by the assistant manager and is then pass on to the Payroll Department so that t he employees conk out pay packet can be made up and the employee interpreted off the payroll. There are neer full applicants to fill the vacancies and almost no applicant is rejected. Both pay and supply morale are low. In an attempt to boost the pay and attract more and better staff, one of the assistant managers has suggested compensable a weekly bonus from the cash tips left by customers.The tips would be split among the workers rather than being lingoed as part of the outlet. There would be no record unbroken of the tips which would mean that the workers would not be taxed on their bonus. It also has a members-only club which is a licensed gambling gambling casino where various forms of gambling take place. chthonian the licensing rules only trained staff can be engaged and these are fair hale paid jobs. Occasionally if in that respect is a staff shortage on the catering side in the casino, members of the bar and restaurant staff are brought in, abandoned new un iforms and are instructed to help out.Technically this is against the playing period rules, but the casino management recollect that if the breach is ever discovered by the authorities, the worst thing that might ascertain would be the casino having to pay a fine. They are aware however that it is executable that the licence could be withdrawn and the casino could be forced to close. Required (a) (b) signalise possible impuissancees in the control surroundings in Lottolife. (15 marks) Suggest various audit procedures which might be appropriate in the particular circumstances of Lottolife. (10 marks) UL12/0010 D01 Page 3 of 6 3.You have just been appointed auditor of Brutons Ltd, a down in the mouth family-owned gentlemens tailors and clothes shop. It is based in the South-West of England where it has six shops in contrasting towns. The clothes it stocks and sells are at the focal ratio end of the price range, appealing to the wealthier customer. The company, similar its cu stomers is old-fashioned. In fact, the decor of the shops has not changed since the 1960s. The guide of the family and major shareholder, John Bruton, is aged 86 and sees no reason to change what has for l years been a winning recipe a top quality service and a premium price.He dismisses the falling clear revenue and lower profits as scarce consequences of the tough economic climate. The three other shareholders are Brutons sons, the youngest of whom is 53. The sons have essay to get their mystify to change remains since they have seen similar companies in other regions increase their market share with the ne devilrk and through a antecedent make-over of their retail outlets. They accept that their plans will hail about ? 10m and they will need a bank loan to finance what is effectively a re-branding exercise.They believe, though they have not done a detailed analysis, that internet sales over the bordering three years would bring in replete cash to repay the loan and enough profit to cover loan interest. subsequently that, in that location would be clear profit for about ten years until the next rebranding was needed. In addition, the leases on the shops are all firing to expire in the next fin years. These can be regenerate but it will be embodyly as the premises are all in city centre locations which are highly sought after by companies in the food and drinks industry.With insufficient cash reserves, Brutons would need further bank financing to cover the capital cost of renewing these long term leases. The sons are also urging their father to flip over buying in cheaper clothes trade from Asia as way of boosting sales and profits. The father who is very patriotic has rejected this suggestion, choosing kind of to stay with British-based suppliers who have served him well since he began in business. Brutons accounting system dates from the 1960s. It is mainly manual with sales staff making out a written receipt for each sale.Cash is put through a till but there is no reconciliation of receipts and takings through the till. The shops do have computer address card facilities but again there is no reconciliation of sales and card receipts. The main element of control is the heraldic bearing of one of Brutons sons. Each is creditworthy for two shops which they attend on take turns days. This close supervision has seemed to work well until, Roger, the eldest son, had a heart round down and was unable to work for six months. During this time, his two brothers supervised the six shops visiting one every three days.Roger is now back at work though he only works reduced hours at one location. Required (a) (b) Identify the major elements of audit risk in Brutons Ltd. (15 marks) condone the steps you would have interpreted before formally accepting grant as auditor of Brutons Ltd. (10 marks) UL12/0010 D01 Page 4 of 6 4. You have just been appointed the Quality Assurance spouse in Raiffes &038 Co. , Chartered Acc ountants and Registered Auditors. You are presently reviewing a sample of the audit files of five audit clients.Your aim is to ensure that the quality of audit work at least matches and, if possible, exceeds the minimum standard required under the international auditing standards and UK legislation. You have made the following list of items which cause you concern In Albany Ltd, the audit team illustrious that although accurate inventory records had not been kept during the year, the year-end stock count was tightly controlled and a detailed review of gross profit margins suggested little chance of corporeal error. On this basis the audit manager had recommended signing an unmodified opinion.In Boverton plc, a weakness in internal control had been detected early in the audit. The weakness pertain payroll and may have allowed overpayments to documented staff and/or payments to fictitious staff. Because payroll is such a sensitive area, the audit team had done nothing more than note the weakness in the audit file, highlighting the issue for partner review. In Chirley plc, the company had failed to comply with the relevant financial reporting standard for pension costs. The bet is one of disclosure rather than measurement.The Finance conductor simply will not accept that the standard is correct and insists that he is right. The recommendation from the audit team is to agree with the Finance Director since the accounting meter are right and the firm should not risk upsetting a major client. In Dalton, a fraud involving the vote counter had been discovered. The amount involved was im somatic to the financial statements. When the Finance Director was told about the fraud, he was unmoved, claiming that he knew about the fraud which had been going on since the man was first employed five years ago.The Finance Director said that he allowed the cashier to tack his salary in this way since it was cheaper than magnanimous him a pay rise. In Exeter Ltd, this wa s the first year of the audit appointment. The fixed summation register had not been maintained for the last five years meaning that it was unthinkable to assess from the records how long the assets had been in use. bestow tangible fixed assets are material to the financial statements. The team had immediately halt work on fixed assets concluding that the audit report would have to be modified on the grounds of disagreement. Required (a) Evaluate the situation in each of the five cases and suggest an appropriate job of action in each including if infallible modifying the auditors report. (15 marks) Suggest steps which the firm should take to ensure that all its audits come up tot the appropriate standard. (10 marks) (b) UL12/0010 D01 Page 5 of 6 SECTION B Answer ONE question from this section and not more than one further question. (You are reminded that four questions in total are to be attempted with at least two from Section A. ) 5.Because audit time is not unlimited, s ampling is a key fruit component of any audit strategy. Explain the various factors which auditors consider when setting up their sampling plan. 6. Critically evaluate the goal of an audit from the point of view of the readers of the auditors report. 7. You are required to write a general theory of auditing of financial statements. What concepts and assumptions would you include and what economic consumption would each serve? 8. Critically evaluate the measures taken in the IFAC Code of morals to safeguard auditor independence. END OF newspaper publisher UL12/0010 D01 Page 6 of 6

'Middle Ages & Renaissance Study Guide\r'

' position Ages Dates: 500-1450 1. What was going historic every(prenominal)y during this era? What was flavour like? It was a chaotic distributor point of social and political unrest. Religious and political differences between and within regions led to about constant warf be. The life of all the classes was predominate by the feudal system †feudalism. 2. Who or what had the power? The church service 3. Who were learned or literate? Holy men or peck of pregnant status much(prenominal) as kings, queens, and knights round other people were illiterate 4. Who were allowed to sing in church? Only men were allowed to sing in church 5.Most of the euphony that was notated during the middledle ages was ineffable or secular? Sacred 6. Was most gothic practice of medicine vocal? Yes 7. What is Gregorian Chant? Discuss its origin, text editionual matterure, melody, rhythm, text. How did it receive its conjure up? What is its purpose? Music to which portions of the papist ic Catholic service atomic number 18 birdcall by unaccompanied voices vocalizing in consistency. The melodies of Gregorian chant are commonly sung a capable and in unison by men and boys, or by women in female religious institutions much(prenominal) as convents. The rhythm is free and flexible.The text may be treated in a syllabic manner with 1 note of medicinal drug corresponding to distributively syllable of text. 8. When chant was notated, was the rhythm notated or equitable the melody? Gregorian Chant and scarce the melody 9. What are church modes? whatever of a system of modes utilise in Gregorian chants up until 1600 10. What is the Mass? Roman Catholic worship service 11. What is the befitting of the Mass? part of the mass diversity according to the seasons of the church year around Easter and others at Characteristic; they are proper or appropriate, only at certain condemnations. 12. What is the Ordinary of the Mass?Parts of the mass celebrated at whatever s eason of the year or time of the day. 13. Who is Hildebrand of Bigger? 12th century Benedictine abbess who was a composer of dedicated variant and chant 14. When did composers begin to write contrapuntal tag ons? What was this early polyphony like? 15. What is a burn downon? polyphonic composition in which all the voices perform the same melody, specialise about at different times 16. What is a drone? Sustained tone 17. What is an grade? Persistently repeated melodic or rhythmic pattern 18. What is the liturgy? lyric of the mass 19. Who is Gallinule De Mach? The century poet and instrumentalist who composed the first complete contrapuntal setting of the entire Ordinary of the Mass. 20. What urban nitty-gritty became the medicinal drugal center of Europe during the mid to late Middle Ages? What was the musical center of this city and who worked there? Vienna Composers came from all over Europe to train in and around Vienna, and gradually they developed and hold the s tandard musical forms that were to dominate European musical culture for the next some(prenominal) decades. 21. Composers began to write polyphonic songs that were not always based on chant, what were hey based on instead? 22.By the 14th century a rude(a) system of music annotation had evolved. It allowed a composer to specify almost whatsoever rhythmic pattern. Were beats now separate into two or three part or both? Was syncopation utilize? Both and yes metempsychosis Dates: 1450-1600 1. What was going historically during this era? What was life like? 2. What is humanism? Period characterized by a new optimism, that began in 14th century Italy and interruption throughout western Europe during the Renaissance 3. What effect did the printing press accept on music? It enabled books to be printed right away and inexpensively, making them available to commoners 4.Was every meliorate person expected to be clever in music? Yes 5. Where did musical act gradually shift to? Fr om the church to the tribunal 6. Were composers content to remain unknown? No not anymore 7. Does vocal music continue to be more important than instrumental music? Yes 9. What is word motion-picture show? Musical illustrations of verbal concepts 10. What is the primary metric grain of most spiritual rebirth music? Polyphonic 11. How galore(postnominal) different parts are typically found in a renaissance piece? How does this compare to the music in the Middle Ages?Typical pieces work four, five, or six parts, but medieval music had two and three parts. 12. What is a capable? Unaccompanied group singing 13. What was the rhythm like in renaissance music? Rhythm is more a gentle flow than a sagaciously defined beat. 14. What was the melody like in renaissance music? The melody unremarkably moves along a scale with a couple of(prenominal) large leaps. 15. What were to the two main types of holy music? Define each of them? Motet is a polyphonic choral work set to a sacred Lati n text other than the ordinary of the mass. Mass is a polyphonic choral composition make up of five sections: Keri, Gloria,Credo, Sanctum, and Gangs Die. 16. Who was Joaquin Deeper? What type of music did he compose? Netherlands composer of the Renaissance who composed Western Music 17. Who was Giovanni Periling dad Palestinian? Italian Renaissance composer of sacred music and the best- known 16th-century representative of the Roman prepare of musical composition. 18. What was the counter-reformation and the Council of Trend? The time when the church service launched its counter-attack to reformation 19. List the three complaints with the sacred music of the day? 20. What is a Lutheran chorale?A four-part choral piece by theologies and writer Martin Luther, who also composed, used in Lutheran church services. 21. What is a psalm tune? Tuneful settings of the one hundred fifty psalms in versions suitable for congregational singing 20. What is a madrigal? unconsecrated song introd uced in Italy that became frequent in England as well. Polyphonic in metric grain and expressive in mood, madrigals are scripted in the vernacular. 21. Who was Thomas Wilkes? An organist and church composer 22. How were instruments reason in the Renaissance? Low or soft 23. Explain how dances are performed in concert?During the Renaissance flow rate, there was a eminence between country dances and court dances. move dances required the dancers to be trained and were often for display and delight, whereas country dances could be attempt by anyone. At Court, the formal entertainment would often be followed by many hours of country dances which all present could conjugation in. Dances described as country dances much(prenominal) as Charlatans or Carthaginian remained popular over a long period †over two centuries in the circumstance of this dance. A Renaissance dance can be likened to a ball.\r\n'

'ERP Implementation Project Essay\r'

'Rolls Royce is oneness of those pioneers human beings(prenominal) companies which they have facilities in the close to of the military man countries, m any(prenominal) suppliers, pardners and huge base of customers tout ensemble over the world, to a greater extentover as the most pioneers global cheeks actions to avoid the hypercompetitive in the global market, globalization and umpteen ch onlyenges Rolls Royce determined in 1998 to change its organizational strategies to be to a greater extent flexible and more response to the customers’ demands which that take a room to flatten its organizational structure pecking order and round of golf to be fulfill orient rather than functional oriented so they divided the familiarity into two argumentation units the first one c every(prenominal) t grey-haireded customer concentrate vocation unit (CFBU) which in that respect all the orders and gross sales deals comes and where all foc implementd on customersâ€⠄¢ penurys to achieve best sales and second one called proceeding occupancy unit (OBU) which there is the production of products to fulfil opposite units demands, Executive group who managed all the units and all decisions come from them to be distributed to solely troupe staff.\r\nRolls Royce has recognized that changes of its organizational strategies, mark and plans in growths over all the world entrust not be back up by the legacy resources planning re mainss which it have them and the difficulty of theses governing bodys to be fixed and emergence and because the of the essence(predicate) of the training technology and the meshwork to create process oriented calling environment and how much is effective to tape transport the organization from rigid structure to be more flexible, so Rolls Royce decided to scar partnership with electronic info renovation company (EDS) to find for it modern barter solution system for the entropy culture management and resou rces planning to be more flexible and modify of its requirements which is in its turn decided to down the conk out first step resources planning system (ERP) on operation business unit (OBU) and in my caput of view the step that sign with outsourcing partner to find solution to specific reward like what Rolls Royce did with EDS and outsourcing the IT solutions issue one of one of the steps have do by Rolls Royce to overcome the complications of the ERP carrying into action and allow it just focusing on the its arena of engines manufacturing.\r\nImportant steps has done by outsourcing the carrying into action confound to specialised company because Rolls Royce has realised the fact that this manikin of purports on huge shaping are risky, any error in carrying into action will lead to huge money losing, many practical ex deoxyadenosine monophosphateles prove that, like the become flat in effectuation ERP system cost DELL 10 $ billions just to splintering it, furthe rmore this kind of systems very dearly-won to remove it or to believe the data from it or even to modify it, the customization for this kind of systems is very expensive, this kind of system consider high integration mingled with departments, peoples and users because in truth the ERP system need identity card arrangemental trans take a shitation process specially in the establishment management model , institution structure , management style and stopping point and particularly to staff so the organisation must be active to implement the ERP system, realizey to change which Rose Royce was ready to this transformation and there is integration amongst department instead the winner slaying will rent the company ride all the benefits and wagess of this kind of the systems like process automotive and the quick access of up to date and timely management information which give the organisation competitive advantage which the Rolls Royce one of those organisations want to ac hieve that’s advantage so it was critical to the Rolls Royce to achieve mastery ERP project implementation, so they forming project team up to implement the ERP system in success expressive style, this team consist outsourcing specialists from immaterial company EDS , which EDS itself has specialized on SAP system , SAP consultants and internal managers and staff have grievous experience with cross-functional business relationships and experience on the old systems, all of them will incorporated to achieve the project implementation success. As any complicated projects of implementation, the Rolls Royce ERP project implementation faced some occupations can be grouped into three stadium of culture, business and technical.\r\nCulture problems we can conclude it in sentence of the people are scared of what they do not understand, as accidentally the rude(a) system faced resistivity from the people in spite of the in the buff system do the same functions or better tha n the legacy one has, so the project team decided to attach the original plan period because they need more time to illustrate them the advantages of the novel system and how will do lordly effects on the department and the company as whole, moreover they need to make the people integrate and to train them how to use it in effective way they tested to make the accept it as hot work environment practices through educational plan to educate the staff in the parvenu system which the plan consists , instauration , demonstration , information delivery and gifted training moreover the team educate around 10000 employees in the organization, the project team strategy realised that important to accept the system and turn them to new environment practices which consider significant to streak the system in success way and to create proper integration between the departments to achieve the advantages of the new system unless the ERP system will not add apprize or competitive advantag e if the users not integrate between each other’s, for that the project team take all the time required to overcome this problem .\r\nThe Technical problems had raised in the implementation project is the data and how much this data important and valuable to the organization in hand and the high cost of retrieve, conveyancing and storing these date in new system server in other hand, withal the fairs to lose the valuable data on the old system servers and the difficulty to retrieve the data from the old system which its stored there in sensitive format moreover the possibility of the data duplication all of these problems the team success to solve it with lowest cost to achieve that the project team in some special area of the old system they kept it political campaign until they can phased it out by the new system then they have construct interface bridge between the old system and new system, like when they kept the computer aided design (CAD) employ by Rolls Royce t he same.\r\nRolls Royce ERP implementation project is success practices case study for complicated and pricey projects as the ERP implementation project, as we noted from this case study the project implementation require organization willingness to change on its organisational structure, the pepole integration between different departments is live factor to achieve success fashion of implementation, ERP system qualifying and customization are costly and expensive that lead us to state that the ERP implementation projects is term of organisation processes, organisation style, organisation fashion, organisation pepole integration, organisation pepole practices modification not system customization, the organisation identification of complications of implementation the system lead it to form expert project teams to achieve success implementation even by outsourcing suffice unless will be error in implementation which that mishap as we read in the paper real disaster examples o f error ERP implantation and how its cost the organisation billions, in finally when the organisation decide to implement the ERP system it must be ready and able to define the main core businesses requires the ERP system then the organisation can deiced which of ERP modules is fit to the organisation need.\r\nReferences\r\nYasuf, Y., Gunasekaran, A. & Abthorpe, M., 2004. Enterprise information systems project implementation: A case study of ERP in Rolls-Royce. International Journal of Production Economics, 87 (3), pp.251-266.\r\n,\r\n'

'The boy and the stripped pj\r'

'An important stir up of life is to have a mavin of identity, stopping point and to belong. Sometimes we have to devote some of our Identity to fit in, except we stool learn new things and come up our Identity. A sniff out of be means you finger you be In the beneficial place, your comfortable be yourself. While umteen people belong, in that location are in wish well manner some(prenominal) people who dont belong, either by having a lack of friends, non capable in or finding their ring new or unsure. In 2008 endeavor Hermes produced the movie the Boy In the bare Pajamas that has both aspect of belong.In the Immigrant Chronicles by gumshoe Crooknecks, he writes is verses some his life experiences and hold or not if he belonged. 2 poems of his, from the immigrant chronicles that show a lack of belonging are â€Å"In the Folk Museum” and â€Å"The migratory indian lodge”. The Boy In the naked-down Pajamas Is a movie about a 8 year old son c w holeed Bruno, him and his family are made to move to a place called out with (Auschwitz), they move houses as his stimulate is a highly stratified solider. Their new house is in stack of a companionship camp, because of this Bruno is not allowed to do his most favorite thing explore, and must(prenominal) stay inside of the deoxyguanosine monophosphate.The movie is direct in World War 2, Germany later on they move the first scene, where Bruno feels a sense of belonging Is when he runs out of the yard into the forest, the camera follows him by a trailing guesswork, this highlights the joy he gets from exploring. The overgrown touch highlights his freedom, after having nothing to do and no wizard to talk to; when he is trial you mountain see how he feels a sense of belonging and identity. The closer Bruno gets to the cope the b casti openinger the colors get; this reinforced the subtlety of Bruno and his happiness. Hen Bruno first comes across the fence and sees Samuel, he doesnt understand hat the contact camp is, he sees Samuel as a new friend that will be able to play with him. When Bruno and Samuel first worthy the shot goes amid the two of them, when the shot is on Bruno the earth is bright lily-livered flowers, Bruno is in nice clean clothes, when the shots goes to Samuel the background it is long-winded grizzly colors and he Is wearing old dirty stripped pajamas, the dull colors shows us, that Samuel doesnt fit In to his adjoin, he doesnt belong In a contention camp at 8 years old.The scene gives us the optic clues that enabled us to compare their lives. Were not meant to be friends you and me, were meant to be enemies did you know,” said by Bruno to Samuel, this shows the culture barrier between them. In peerless of the last scene with Bruno and Samuel Is when Bruno crosses the fence to assistance as he realizes what the camp is the, atmospheric condition starts to storm and turn dull grey hearts, which creates tension. T he last notion of Bruno and Samuel is when they get interpreted to the gas chamber with other pris superstarrs.The view is them clutching hands, it shows evening in death, they friendship is united, that in the end they belonged to each other s friends. In the folk museum is about the poet cosmos in a museum, he discountt committed to the museum, because he feels like he is in a different time zone, that his surrounding arent from where he is used, he doesnt belong in that time zone. The poem suggests the grandness of belonging to a place and how it concurs you feel. In stanza 1 the words â€Å"darkness” and â€Å"betray creates a tone of isolated and alienation, it creates the atmosphere of lonely, sadness and sinister.In the movie, Bruno feels alienated, when he moved he has no one his age as him and wasnt allowed to explore, he feels like he cant belong to his new surrounding, that there is nothing their for him. The extending metaphor of the words, autumn, yellow an d brown reinforced a mood of dull colors that creates a feeling of cosmos alone and unpleasant that he isnt gifted where he is. In the finial stanza line 3, â€Å"l leave without, wanting a finial look. ” This is Lorraine; it creates the stamp of a fast escape. When Bruno starts running he doesnt look back.It shows when you can to start to feel like you are belonging again, you dont select to look back you know whats right and you Just go for it. The Migrant Hostel is about the experiences of the author and others at a migrant hostels. Crooknecks creates the feeling of disappointment by means of the many reference of them having no bind over their lives. The poem to me talks about the hardship and barriers of creating a new life. In stanza 1 line 1,2 â€Å"no one kept count, of all the coming and handout”, this creates the feeling like they werent important.The poem can relate the Samuel and the other member of the connection camp. The people from the connection camp are not treated right. â€Å"Those people, well their not really people at all, Bruno”, Bruno father ells Bruno, this shows how they cant belong as they arent even considered to be people at all. In stanza 3 line 2″we lived like birds of handing over” this is a simile, the we in the sentence can refer to everyone in the camp that even know they dont belong they are get-go a new Journey and they all want to fly out.It also refers to the expression migrants are still in pass through as everything is changing and they are being constantly moved around. Which can make them have a lack of warranter and belonging to the place The line â€Å"a barrier at the main gate, certain(a) off the highway is making the separation f them and Australia, it makes them feel powerless, the highway symbioses the fence is a recurring motif in the movie, many scenes including where they meet, is the fence.The fence becomes a barrier between their friendships, but it is what t ies they together. The gate in the poem can give them hope; it could do the new start, that once theyre through the gate their started. The Boy in the Stripped pajamas, In the Folk Museum and The Migrant hostel shows the importance of belonging to people and place and how it can relate to making people unhappy.\r\n'

'What is ERP?\r'

'Enterprise option Planning (ERP) is softw ar that potentially manages the variant processes in business. Primarily, it works on a platform utilizing the various meanings of selective selective information deep down nonpargonil database. Today, companies find that they have to creatively and conveniently respond to increasing globalization, overcritical changes in business trends, and the condition of the go outnce (Leyh, Gebhardt and Berton 913).\r\nBusinesses need to be ready for changes in the government or society such(prenominal) as reducing financial pay from both state and local governments. Therefore, organizations putting greenly find that they have to come up with solutions that suit these conditions to enhance convenient administrative processes in business.\r\nCloud-based ERP constitution Cloud-based reason gives the individuals who betroth a database the recover to softw be applications which are managed from the available deliberation resources like the retention with the use of the Internet. Since the introduction of this dodging, over overcloud computing has gained a massive write up internationally.\r\nOver the past few years, several(prenominal) initiatives have adapted some of their resources into a cloud (Gunawan and Surendro 57). Notably, the trend is attached to the alter accessibility to resources and easy facilitation of data sharing. In a signifi gaget number of enterprises, the forethought noned the musical arrangement availed resources with the need of computing resources working directly in a specific dust.\r\nThe architecture of Cloud-Based EPR SystemCloud-based ERP governing body go under the cloud software trunk service. Typically, the sightly ERP involves installing the system in for each one terminal while the cloud-based type provides access to the resources without necessarily having the ERP installed on each figurer (Gunawan and Surendro 60).\r\nTherefore, in that location is increased conv enience on installation and ERP access although the integrity is maintained. An ERP system may also be regarded as the actualization of a blueprint availed by the framework of a business. In the end that the ERP transits to a cloud server, the architecture of the alliance sympatheticly moves.\r\nAs such, it is essential to provide configuration details about the engineering architecture of an enterprise. Comparatively, the devise ineluctably to be defined by an enterprise as long as it uses a cloud computing model. Important to realize, this architecture should also depict better performance compared to the systems that do not entail the cloud-adaptin method.\r\nConsequently, to affirm that the ERP can migrate successfully, the blueprint proposed by the enterprise need to be critically evaluated as it is a fundamental need of the architecture. In comparison with the orthodox ERP, the cloud-based ERP comprises of a system where users can access resources through the Internet.\ r\nHowever, the former(prenominal) relies on the availability of a local anaesthetic Area Network (LAN) for the operation of the ERP in the enterprise. LAN connects computers from one organization at heart a single building by use of a network termed as an intranet. Multi-tenancy is a popular notion in software architecture mainly utilize in the cloud-based application. Significantly, it concerns a single put together of applications used to manage the several users on one spokesperson.\r\nThe term implies that although the availed resources have a unique sole purpose, their design allows for them to detain mostly adjustable to satisfy the unavoidably of the business. The potential to manage several users is achieved through sharing hardware and data storage. despite the sharing of resources, the security of data needs to be upheld to avoid specific users from modify others on the network. Therefore, there are quad entities which have to be assessed.\r\nFirst, resource i solation is vital based on the situation that tenants make use of a connatural basis and code (Gunawan and Surendro 61). Second, the configuration aspects intimate that data needs to have characteristics that are adaptable to suit various tenants. Third, the fixings of security calls for measurements to be put in place owing to the high luck sharing codes and data among tenants poses.\r\nFinally, the scalability concept appeals to the design and applicability of the software for to satiate conditions for make levels that can be measured. The most common cash advance for the multi-tenant concept is Separate Database. Arguably, it is one of the simplest models for isolating data as data for each user is kept separately.\r\nHowever, there is also a Shared Database approach where all tenants occupy similar database instances although they are all assigned an own schema. In this strategy, data from all users is kept in one database using a similar schema. The cloud-based ERP syst em allows its users to configure the service required from the host.\r\nThis is necessary to fulfill individual needs and still upholding the integrity of data. The concept is merely valid although the blueprint provided by an enterprise determines the architecture and necessary ERP modules. Such information is relevant for choosing the specific modules responsible for purchasing modules that contribute towards organizational training (Zhu and peal 4765).\r\nThe principal reason behind customization and identifying crabbed modules depends on the financial capability of companies. Importantly, the multi-tenancy concept allows the provider to avail specific packages in light os the needs of all tenant without having to alter the whole system software.\r\nComparison to Recent Technological Developments magic spell cloud computing is a prodigious step forward in business, many businesses have not yet select this technology. The ERP system focuses extensively on the infrastruct ure without considering the end-user. As such, it only enhances the reliability which is not as significant to businesses.\r\nThe Blockchain industry is juvenility although it is quite capable mainly since it offers solutions in the supply chain. The technology can work through logistics metrics concerning order deliveries. Unlike the cloud-based ERP system, blockchain overcomes the forrad and back step issue.\r\nIt empowers all members in a supply chain which fosters the development of all critical contributors within a system. A step forward in cloud-based ERP system implies two steps averse to the end user. The explanation relates to the reason wherefore innovations are directed towards upgrading the interface and better the performance.\r\nCompanies Affected While many businesses are continually adopting the cloud-based ERP solutions, specific enterprises are employing the system given the minimal IT requirements it demands. Notably, this system is applicable for distribut ion, service, and nonprofit businesses. On that note, however, new startups and well-behaved mid-sized companies stand a chance to expediency the most. Successful and established companies are in all likelihood to stick to the traditional technologies.\r\nConclusion Cloud-based ERP system is one of the most successful software adopted by companies since the introduction. It allows users to access computing resources remotely although the Internet needs to be present. With a multi-tenant architecture, several users can hunt down a database in one instance without disruption. The enterprise specifications determine the nature of the system and the security of data needs to be sensitized. ?\r\n'

'Hartwick College Essay\r'

'In this extract, we argon shown insight into what burgeon forths use has become, by reacquainting him with the blame Magwitch. In this second visit, we can read the contrast betwixt positions original encounter, and this to a greater extent shocking scene †how t eachys image has changed from an guiltless youth, to a selfish, egocentric ‘gentleman. ‘ Also, we atomic number 18 given over the startling revelation of dispatch’s uncoiled benefactor, in a cumulative peak of warmth enriched with devil unique writing style. Throughout the school text, Pip’s manner towards others, his bearing of thinking and stock-still his narrative voice transform to create two reasonably different qualitys.\r\nThe extract pictures him as a selfish, pompous unripened man who shows neat unappreciatedness towards Magwitch †asking â€Å"inhospitably enough” whether he would manage to come in and pushing a port a plea for affection, from one w ho has worked hard all his manner merely to provide Pip with a great wealth, and an undemanding lifestyle. When Magwitch returns to greet his beneficiary, he is treated with little than minor courtesy. Pip’s jr. fount however appears far more than(prenominal) innocent, showing reckon and even compassion towards a convict, who threatens and oppresses him, glad that his stolen aliment is â€Å"enjoyed” by a fulfil stranger.\r\nThis highlights a utter(a) contrast between the Pip displayed in the extract, and Pips younger self. Indeed Dickens upliftms to prove out the ridicule of such a title †at the point in time when society considers him ‘gentleman’ he is anything but gentle †instead he appears venomed and critical of his former friend Joe whose visit he awaits with â€Å"mortification. ” The cockeyed gentleman is now a incorrupt shadow of the impoverished yet guiltless Pip we atomic number 18 introduced to at the beginning of the story.\r\nHis simultaneous procession to aristocracy and fall into selfish spendthrift, leading to his concomitant redemption, are reminiscent of the ‘education’ novel touristed at the time. These tales of ‘apprenticeship’ were often of mistreated orphans who managed to become wealthy and prosperous. The stories featured the many an(prenominal) obstacles that the hero/heroine would bemuse to overcome, and their popularity ailing around Dickens time. Typically, they explore â€Å"the youth and young adulthood of a sensitive protagonist” who is â€Å"in search of the meaning of life and the nature of the valet” (David Cody, Associate Professor of English, Hartwick College.)\r\nThey tended to contain autobiographical elements, and were sometimes influenced by contemporary social and industrial transformations. in that respect are also some other genres on which the story touches upon, namely the ‘sensation novel’ â⠂¬ the denumerable plot of ground twists and shocking revelations form a great part of the structure †in this extract we see the startling disclosure of Pips true benefactor, which intimately modern-day lecturers would perhaps not have guessed. Indeed, these climatic scenes are pivotal to the books success as a serialisation, as well as a novel.\r\nTo maintain pursuit in a book that is staged in weekly instalments, Dickens uses a variety of sub-plots to life the proofreader engrossed. This eccentric writing style gives the text a unique quality, and the overall effect on the reader is one of shock and intrigue. The rendezvous with the convict in the graveyard, and his death, Miss Havisham’s fire, and the showdown with Orlick are among the most memorable climax’s we have it away †as well as Pips second concourse with Magwitch. In this passage, we can see how the writer cultivates tensity and makes the most of Magwitch’s secret.\r\nWhen extra ct reaches a vizor of kindling, many curses become long and drawn out, and sentence complexity increases, leaving the shorter, snappier â€Å"why, Wemmick” and â€Å"would it be J? ” to solely promote interest in the plot, and give a tense, nervous atmosphere. As the scene draws to its zenith, as Pip’s â€Å"heart (beats) kindred a dour hammer of disordered action,” we see powerful metaphors, and repeat of prominent, emotive language (â€Å"dangers, disgraces, consequences”) to give a superstar of anxiety and intensify the scene. Language is also use here to alienate the convict from Pip himself.\r\nThe rich, low slang of Magwitch’s â€Å"arterwards,” â€Å"spec’lated” and â€Å"warmint” contrasts once morest Pip’s more noble speeches of how he â€Å"cannot wish to regenerate that chance intercourse” and inquires of the messenger â€Å" depravityce he under alsok that trust. ” The wa y Dickens estranges Magwitch from Pip is significant: it symbolizes the delusional legal opinion that Pip is a gentleman, and that he is superior to the convict. Pip believes himself to be changed since that first chance meeting in the graveyard, and thinks that he is now above Magwitch, who is after all a criminal.\r\nThe irony experienced by the reader is that Pip’s great wealth and focal ratio class lifestyle is solely attributable to Magwitch himself, and this too is the source of the shock Pip describes. The way Dickens depicts Pips smellingings is extremely powerful, as we see Pip â€Å"suffocating” merely from the shock of this currents, sunrise(prenominal)s that his almost successful attempt to become a gentleman was funded by the dark relic of his youth, who’s felonious other(prenominal) appears further from gentry as is possible.\r\nThis is of course, not the first time we see Pip’s character interrupted by members of his childhood †there was his meeting with Mr Pocket on his arrival to London, and more important, Joe’s visit to Pip in his London flat. This meeting, like the one with Magwitch we see in the extract, stresses the change we have seen in Pip’s character by comparing his manner towards someone he knew as a boy, and how he acts towards them now.\r\nUpon his visit, Joe is not treated with aggressiveness as such, but Pip denotes that he â€Å" surely would have paid money” to keep him from coming. As a boy, Pip always stayed friends with Joe despite his axiomatic stupidity and clumsiness, yet now he wishes more than anything to avoid him. Pips dismissal of Joe in this way turns the reader against him slightly †up until now we have support Pip as the ‘good guy. ‘ Pips rot from an innocent youngster to a snide gentleman, and whence substantiate into a more honourable businessman.\r\nThis cycle of purity, corruption and redemption is an ongoing pedestal in grea t(p) Expectations, and makes subtle references to Christian beliefs of how the life of greed and sin that Pip lived in London, on the wealth of a convict, lead to a corroded innocence that was only liberated through his consequent illness and then his new beginning with Estella. The other theme that appears in the novel, is that of justice and the just punishment of crime.\r\nWe first see this in the appearance of a convict (though this method of punishment was stopped in 1868 several historic period after the novel was written) and Dickens portrayal of him as an honest man, who admits to the theft of â€Å"some broken wittles” and â€Å"a dram of liquor” to save Pip from his sister, Mrs Joe. And again, Mrs Joe herself ties in to the punishment theme, her harsh disciplining of her husband and brother again lets us sympathise with those who are chastised, and not the chastisers.\r\n later on in the book, we see another example of this when Magwitch is caught. And more subtle instances of punishment such as Mrs Havisham burning at the stake for her corruption of Estella (corruption almost being a theme in itself) are also present in the text, giving us a thorough opinion of how those who commit crime will always be brought to justice. The time setting of the novel allows Dickens to allow these ideas of corporal punishment, convicts and public hangings. To a modern reader, these archaic, stern methods of upholding the law appear old-fashioned.\r\nHowever, readers of the time would most in all likelihood have experienced these events fist-hand, in one way or another. Moral preaching’s of more passive action towards prisoners and criminals would be relatively new to them, whereas nowadays such views are accepted as standard. The feelings created by the views Dickens has on delinquency, and its retribution, are because significantly different between readers of-the-time and present day students. As a modern audience, we also feel compell ed, excited, and fascinated by the books intricate plotlines, particularly in this extract.\r\nTo inspire such strong emotions, Dickens uses many lingual and structural functions, the aforementioned effectiveness of metaphors and mental imagery to name one. He also writes in the first person, which is pivotal to the feelings the book creates: the story is far more personal and involving. Dickens also entwines his plots and subplots very carefully to create a prominent air of tension. As he builds up to the climax of one plot twist, he continues to insert little mini-dramas that leave us waiting for the main storyline to continue. He does this quite often in the novel, and it makes the reading most tense and far less predictable.\r\nTo a less law-abiding reader, Magwitch’s return would be a complete surprise †this is where the majority of this extract’s magnet lies. Overall, this extract is in fact one of the most outstanding scenes in the book. The build up o f excitement before the final revelation of â€Å"Pip †your him! ” is do with a variety of complex, literary devices, and the twist in the plot and return of a familiar character add to its success. It calls attention to Pip’s new assumed role, as a self-centred ungrateful gentleman, and is characteristic of Dickens writing style.\r\n'

'Career Guidance\r'

'WHAT FACTORS INFLUENCE A COUNTRYS amount of m oneyment OF LIVING? Judy Newsome Purpose: Students pull up stakes examine geographic information to make inferences astir(predicate) the movers that twist a orbits frugal growing and threadbare of musical accompaniment. Objectives: The student will be able to: 1. analyze information on a affair to generalize a domains sparing status. 2. compare geographic information and develop hypotheses about the economic development and beat of living in confused countries. 3. examine geographic information to audition hypotheses. 4. make inferences about early(a) factors that figure out the economic development/ standard of living of a country.Standards: 1,11,15,16 Skills: 1,2,4,5 Materials: Maps wake resources Map of Africa Chart present per capita unprocessed national product Pictures to suffer dissertateion Procedures: PREPARATION: 1. Label 10 x 13 coat envelopes (3 per group) as follows: meeting 1 windbag A Group 1 gas bag B Group 1 windbag C. f either back for groups 2 †7. 2. Copy the attached copy of the heptad individual countries seven-spot whiles and make a transparency of it. Cut out the seven play keys and one copy of each individual country. set apart one country and the map key to half a sheet of construction root and laminate if possible.Place country A in Envelope A for Group 1, country B in Envelope A for Group 2, etc. 3. Make seven copies of a blackline map of Africa and seven copies of a chart showing per capita gross national product figures for Africa. Mount the map and the chart on construction paper and also laminate, if possible. Place a copy of the map and the chart in Envelope B for each group. 4. Find pictures to represent the various factors to be discussed (as many as possible). You would need seven pictures to represent each factor (one for each group) or seven copies. Mount these on construction paper and laminate.Place pictures in Envelope C for each group. 71 GROUPS: Divide the class into groups (up to 7). QUESTION: Ask: When you divulge the term standard of living, what does it mean to you? After the Discussion, which should let in the definition of standard of living (see definitions), explain that the first-year factor that influences a countrys standard of living is the veridical wealth as evidenced by a countrys natural resources and agricultural products. BRAINSTORM: Distribute the 3 envelopes to each group but ask them not to clear(p) any of them until they are asked to do so.Tell them that Envelope A contains the map of an individual country and the map key. All names have been removed so that they will not be able to gain any prior k at one timeledge to this activity. Have them open Envelope A and examine the map and the key. be given the resources and products shown and then brainstorm about what muckle be done with those resources and products and how to obtain anything they need but dont have. (approximately 5 minu tes) MAKE COMPARISONS: Show transparencies of all seven countries. allow each group report. Write their pay offing on the transparency beside the appropriate country or on the chalkboard.HYPOTHESIZE: Based on the brainstorming, which country is wealthiest? Rate them from 1 to (varies). (Depends on crook of groups used). Write the ratings on the transparency. unveil VOCABULARY: Explain that the reason you examined the resources and products of each country first is that a countrys resources and products influence the material wealth and therefore the economic development and standard of living of a country. One measure of a countrys standard of living is per capita gross national product. Define per capita gross national product. (See definitions) essay MAP AND chart: Tell your groups to open Envelope B.Compare the map of Africa and reveal the particular country they were working with. They should raise their hands and tell you so you can mark it on the transparency as soon a s they find it. so ask them to look up their countrys per capita GNP and add it to the information already on the transparency. right off check your hypotheses. How do the countries really rate? If all is well, you should have them rated incorrectly so you can academic degree out that there are other factors that playa part. (See introduction. ) EXAMINE PICTURES: In Envelope C, which may be exposed now, you will find pictures related to a countrys standard of living.Take about 2 minutes to identify the factor each picture represents. Put a call on the overhead and tell your groups that they are now going to draw some conclusions about these factors and how they influence a countrys standard of living. (If you made copies of pictures you may require to put the originals up in the room and/or make transparencies of them). 72 DRAW CONCLUSIONS: Have groups discuss and come to some conclusions about how each of the factors influence a countrys economic development/standard of livi ng. Then ask about any other factors they can think of. See attached list as a hint but there may be others). VOCABULARY: Economic systems †the approach or technique that a country uses to deal with scarceness and achieve its economic goals. Standard of Living -ca measure of the amount of good and services an individual or group considers essential to well-being. GNP or gross national product †a measure of the nurse of all the good and services produced by a nation in a given time period, usually one year. Per capita GNP †GNP is split up by the population. The amount of money per person the muckle of a country or in a certain region earn. flavour expectancy †the average tot of long time people can be judge to live. Literacy rate †the proportionality of the number of people in a population who can read and preserve of the append number of persons in a population. lineage rate †the ratio of the number of live births during one year to the total population, uttered as the number of births per year per 1000 population. Death rate ( fatality rate rate) †the ratio of the number of deaths during one year to the total population, expressed as the number of deaths per year per 1000 population. child mortality rate †the ratio consisting of the annual number of deaths of infants not over one year old to the total number of live births during that year. Infra anatomical structure †the basic structure of services, installations, and facilities needed to support industrial, and other economic development; included are transport and communications, along with water, power, and other public utilities. inherent increase †the number of births in a country minus the number of deaths race growth rate †natural increase accession migration into a country minus migration out ofa country. o FACTORS INTRODUCED IN PICTURES: . 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Water (affects the economic and agricultural development) sanitisation (affect s health and behavior expectancy) Health care (affects life expectancy, infant mortality rate, birth rate, death rate) universe growth (natural increase and population growth rate) regimen (affects health and life expectancy) Education (affects literacy rate) SOME early(a) POSSIBLE FACTORS: 1. War 2. Infrastructure 3. Political mental unsoundness 4. Environment/topography 73 o L I o I I iii , I 200 cd 600 ! , , 800 Miles I I 400 800 Kilometers 74 Activity 2 ” 1 V ~ cattle Coal Cocoa Coffee .. /Itt:; ?Diamonds FISh meretricious . Grapes Iron Ore· c:::J e P8Irn fossil oil Peanuts RIce Sheep e .! it .0 a ~. ~ Com Cotton fuzz Oat.. I 1 • ” ~ dfI Lumber Oil separate City IA , • Tea Tobacco Identify each country based on shape and resources follow: Shapes are accurate but country size is not to scale Wheat Capital 75 Western Sahara Tunisia Sudan Libya· Morocco Egypt N. AFRICA Algeria 0. 25 9. 619 29. 49 . 5. 114 28. 778 68. 344 31. 471 173 tribe middle·2000 (millions) 2. 86 1. 58 2. 16 1. 69 2. 48 1. 98 2. 36 2 Natural augment (annual %) 24 44 32 41 28 35 29 34 â€Å" stunt man meter” in years 150 35 69. 5 37 33. 3 52. 44 51 infant mortality rate Rate 0 B C B B B B entropy handiness jurisprudence 61 N/A 27 54 86 44 49 46 part Urban 47 69 51 69 75 65 69 64 life history apprehension at Birth, come up 35 N/A 43 34 40 37 39 38 share of creation of progress < 15 2060 N/A 290 1240 1290 nla 1550 1200 GNP Per Capita, 1998 USD Population mid·2000 (millions) Natural enlarge (annual %) â€Å"Doubling Time” in years babe deathrate Rate Data Availability edict part Urban Life Expectancy at Birth, bring part of Population of Age < 15 GNP Per Capita, 1998 USO Guinea Ghana Burk. Faso Cape Verele Cote dlvoirE Gambia W. AFRICA Benin 19. 534 1. 05 15. 98 0. 401 11. 946 6. 396 234. 456 2. 4 2. 41 2. 19 2. 82 2. 94 2. 83 2. 8 29 29 32 25 24 24 25 56. 2 130 76. 9 112. 2 one hundred five. 3 93. 9 89 C C B B C B B 37 37 46 44 15 38 35 58 45 47 68 47 50 51 3 3 3 3 6 3 3 340 390 700 240 1200 380 340 7. 466 2. 38 29 98 ~ 26 45 3 530 N. AFRICA Population mid·2000 (millions) Continued Natural maturation (annual %) â€Å"Doubling Time” in years baby Mortality Rate Data Availability mandate Percent Urban Life Expectancy at Birth, hit Percent of Population of Age < 15 GNP Per Capita, 1998 USO Nigeria Senegal Mali Mauritania Niger Liberia G. Bissau 10. 076 11. 234 2. 7 123. 338 3. 164 1. 213 2. 97 3. 23 3. 1 2. 72 2. 84 2. 22 25 23 21 22 24 31 123. 1 139. 1 122. 5 92 77. 2 130 C C C C C C C 45 26 54 17 22 36 50 53 54 41 45 52 4 4 3 2 4 3 410 200 160 N/A 250 300 ————— 9. 481 2. 79 25 67. 7 41 52 3 520 â€Å"”â€â€˜—â€~-~~————————————†congo, Oem. Equatorial Guinea Congo Cameroon Cen. Af. Rep Chad MID·AFRICA Angola 0. 453 51. 965 2. 831 3. 513 7. 977 15. 422 Population mld·2000 (millions) 96. 425 12. 878 2. 4S 2. 4 3. 19 3. 29 Natural ontogenesis (annual %) 2. 58 ·2. 03 2. 96 3 28 29 22 21 â€Å"Doubling Time” in years 34 27 23 23 108. 108 108. 6 109. 8 child Mortality Rate 96. 7 cxxv 77 106 C 0 C B C Data Availability code C 0 41 29 37 Percent Urban 44 39 22 32 32 48 49 50 Life Expectancy at Birth, Total 48 55 45 47 49 43 48 43 Percent of Population of Age < 15 44 43 44 46 48 GNP Per Capita, 1998 USD 680 110 610 300 230 1110 320 380 Namibia South Africa MID_AFRICA Gabon Sao Tome S. AFRICA Botswana Lesotho 2. 143 1. 771 Population mid·2000 (millions) 0. 16 49. 915 1. 576 continued 1. 226 2. 07 1. 667 Natural ontogenesis (annual %) 3. 4 1. 3 1. 55 2. 16 33 45 42 â€Å"Doubling Time” in years 20 52 32 84. 5 68. 3 57. 50. 8 51 Infant Mortality Rate 87 C B B Data Availability Code C C B Percent Urban 16 49 73 44 42 27 Life Expectancy at Birth, Total 53 64 54 44 46 52 Percent of Population of Age < 15 47 41 35 41 44 39 GNP Per Capita, 1998 USD 270 570 4170 3100 3070 1940 I 43. 421 1. 27 55 45. 4 i 45 551 34 3310 (:: S. AFRICA ·Populatlon mld·2000 (millions) continued Natural annex (annual %) â€Å"Doubling Time” in years Infant Mortality Rate Data Availability Code Percent- Urban Life Expectancy at Birth, Total Percent of Population of Age < 15 GNP Per Capita, 1998 USD Swaziland 1. 004 1. 5 37 107. 7 C 22 38 47 · cxl0 —- ——— N. AFRICA Population mid-2000 (millions) continued Natural Increase (annual %) â€Å"Doubling Time” in years Infant Mortality Rate Data Availability Code Percent Urban Life Expectancy at Birth, Total Percent of Population of Age < 15 GNP Per Capita, 1998 USD Sierra Leone Togo E. AFRICA Burundi Comoros capital of Djibouti Eritrea 5. 019 246. 235 0. 578 0. 638 5. 233 6. 054 2. 78 2. 64 3. 07 2. 4 2. 28 2. 49 23 25 26 29 28 30 79. 7 157 102 74. 8 77. 3 cxv C C B 0 C C 31 37 20 29 8 83 49 45 46 59 48 4 7 . 48 3 45 42 3 41 370 N/A 140 3~0 140 4. 14~ 2. 9~ 2~ 1. S 1e 55 43 200 Population mid-2000 . (millions) Natural Increase (annual %) â€Å"Doubling Time” In years Infant Mortality Rate Data Availability Code Percent Urban Life Expectancy at Birth, Total Percent of Population of Age < 15 GNP Per Capita, 1998 USD E. AFRICA continued Madagascar Malawi Mauritus Mozambique Reunion Kenya Ethiopia 30. 34 14. 858 1. 189 19. 105 10. 385 64. 117 2. 105 2. 943 2. 19 2. 4 1. 91 ‘1. 05 33 29 24 36 66 32 73. 7 96. 3 126. 8 19. 4 133. 9 116 B C A B B C B 20 43 28 15 22 20 49 46 52 39 70 40 N/A 46 45 26 45 46 46 350 260 100 3730 210 210 N/A 0. 716 1. 1 49 9 73 30. ~ E. AFRICA Population mld-2000 (millions) continued Natural Increase (annual %) I”Doubling Time” in years Infant Mortality Rate Data Availability Code Percent Urban Life Expectancy at Birth, Total Percent of Population of Age < 15 GNP Per Capita, 1998 USD Seychelles Somalia Uganda Rwanda Tanzania Zambia Z imbabwe 0. 082 7. 229 7. 253 35. 306 23. 318 9. 582 2. 29 1. 07 2. 87 2. 86 2. 88 1. 96 65 30 24 24 24 35 120. 9 8. 5 125. 8 98. 8 81. 3 109 0 0 B C B B B 5 59 24 20 15 38 39 N/A 46 53 42 37 28 45 44 49 45 45 6420 N/A 230 220 310 330 11. 343 1 69 80 32 40 44 620\r\n'

'Racial Distinctions: the Lion King 2\r'

'Michaelah Frisby Jamie fag English 101 2 December 2012 racial Distinction: lion big businessman 2 racial distinctions argon â€at times â€hidden in different forms of media. They may be used to brainwash the hearing in a discreet way, edify the concept of stereotypes, or even dis course a situation in which the racial distinction is unintended, still utilized due to precedence. Racial distinctions ar precise(prenominal) present and, at times, rea boyable. Disney employs these barriers so that the audience recognizes the critical aspects of them. it One instance in which we find racial distinctions be in Disney’s The king of beasts queer 2: Simba’s Pride.Given to misadventures and mischief, Kiara, Simba’s unripe cub, wanders into the prohibit Outlands, the haunt of Scars exiled minions, and there she encounters a nonher mischievous cub, Kovu, word of honor of social lioness Zira, once a close friend of the latterly Scar and now the leader o f the exiles. Zira p multitudes against Kiara, drawing her son into her scheme. Kovu has divided loyalties as his love for Kiara deepens. Conveyed in the environments, the identities and the natural appearances, these differentiations possess evidence of racial distinctions.Overall, the environments in which the animals grizzle can be categorized into two races: menacing and face cloth. Kovu’s family â€the darker, or sick lions †support in a more deserted area forward from Pride stir, the prospering lands. Their home appears abandoned, devastated and pulverize. Ridden with dry lands and stochastic fires, this space is where young Kovu and other young lions play, eat, and quiet â€where they call home: â€Å"[You] exiled us to the pop out lands,” Zira, Kovu’s sire whines to Simba, â€Å"…Where we have slim food, less piddle” (The Lion superpower 2: Simba’s Pride).Their habitat compares so well with the lower class ne ighborhoods cities if where scurrilous families live their lives, where there are abandoned homes and demolished memories. Young children play in an area where, unbeknownst to them, a drug deal took place seconds ago. Yet, they play there all the same. These harsh lands cause these lions to live at risk of crisis every day. However, we find Kiara and her family â€the shadowyer, or white lions â€literally living a some(prenominal) higher feel. Surrounded by thriving lands and flourishing resources, Kiara’s life on Pride Rock is abundant.Her family is â€Å"wealthy,” in the sense, because her take, Simba, is the king and Alpha lion. Kiara is protected and her life is sustained impressively. She is enveloped by animals that love her and her family and praise her beat because of his mogul. Much like the privileged white girlfriend that lives on the upper side of the city whose father is respected due to his wealth, Kiara is secure and loved. Essentially, Kiar a is identified other than from Kovu because of who she is. Because of whom her father is and what he knows. He knows that Kovu’s spawn, Zira, is dangerous.Thus, he protects her from Kovu, appointing Timon and Pumba, good friends of his, to protect her: â€Å"‘Hey, Timon! Pumba! ’” he calls for them. ‘I necessitate you to keep a close watch on Kiara. You know she’s bound to come about off-key (The Lion King 2: Simba’s Pride). Kiara is supply not only because of the dangers that Simba feel are out there, but also she is protected because he has the power to protect. He can do that because of his wealth and respect. The middling upperclass white family man can protect his daughter this way with the employment of bodyguards and much(prenominal).Simba’s attitude, thbumpyout the majority of the movie, towards Kovu and his family is extremely degrading. He feels that they are not honourable to live on Pride Rock with the rel iever of the lions. He even goes as outlying(prenominal) to compose them at the bottom of his â€Å"class system:” â€Å"‘I banished you from our pride lands. ’” He spits at Zira. â€Å"’Now you and your young cub, get out! ’”(The Lion King 2: Simba’s Pride). He looks down on them because he, as the wealthier â€Å"white man” finds it hard to see them as equals. Happiness appears to surround Pride Rock. While Kiara’s life is full of love, Kovu’s is full of chaos.Kovu’s mother is harsh in how she raises him. Like a single African-American mother raising tether children on her own in a patriarchal neighborhood, Zira strives to raise her children the best way that she knows how with the few resources she has available. However, she is rough with her ways and tough with her love. She constantly puts down Kovu’s older brother Nuka, and unsuccessfully shields Vitani, Kovu’s pocketable sis ter from the difficult ways of their land, exposing her to dangerous aspects of life, such as her plan for Kovu to kill Simba.Vitani greets Kovu one change surface and playfully asks him if he wants to controvert. Roughly is how they play. Here lies a parallel with the lack of sheltered love that is seen in a lot of lower class African American homes due to harsh surroundings, lack of toys, and cut down in parental guidance. Nuka despises Kovu because he can never please their mother: â€Å"Hey, it’s every lion for himself out here,” Nuka replies to Vitani scolding him for leaving Kovu on his own. â€Å"That little termite’s got to learn to be on his own” (The Lion King 2: Simba’s Pride).Kovu’s approach towards Kiara, when they first meet, is negative. He begins to croak at her with his young, yet fierce voice: â€Å"Who are you, pride-lander,” he asks Kiara with disgust. (The Lion King 2: Simba’s Pride) He makes fun of Kia ra by saying that she is a daddy’s girl. Kovu learns these defensive ways from his mother and his homeland. It is all he knows. , Kiara’s attempts to play a game of tag with him are failed: â€Å"What’s disparage? Don’t ya know how to play? ” she asks. (The Lion King 2: Simba’s Pride). Yet, when she begins to â€Å"play fight” with him, he responds playfully.Meanwhile, Simba and Zira’s means for punishment differ as well. Simba has a talk with Kiara about how the dangers of the humans exit negate her life if she continues to disobey his rules and run off on her own. He ends his lecture by singing her a song about family and adhesive together: â€Å"We Are One. ” Zira’s ways are much harsher. She screams at Kovu, scaring him intensely, telling him that he will never be friends with Kiara. Compared to human life: Zira â€the black parent â€scolds her child more harshly because she knows that if she does not , connection will.And Simba â€the white parent â€gives much more leeway because society sees her skin color, or fur color, and suspects that she means no harm. Lastly, are the physical appearances of the characters. Kiara’s family are the lighter cubs, which can be compared to a white family. Whereas Kovu’s family are the darker cubs, in comparison to a black family. Though Kiara and the lions in the pride lands go away as far-off as shades of light skin, they are lighter all the same. As far as physique, the lions of the pride lands are much more fit and appear more will-nourished in limit to the lions of the outlands.These lions are much darker, and quite thin. They appear very malnourished. â€Å"Oh! These termites,” Nuka yelps as he viciously scratches, bites, and claws at himself (The Lion King 2: Simba’s Pride). Nuka appears to be the some dirt-ridden lion of them all. Kovu possesses a scar that he receives from his mother’s scorn ful actions. This scar represents a lot about where he came from. It even acts as a symbol for his father, Scar. Though Kovu was adopted, this scar aids in the resemblance of Scar and him. The use of these color distinctions to the characters bestows visualisation on the concept of these racial differences.Racial barriers are very much hidden. Yet, they instill a number of aspects as far as information. In Disney’s The Lion King 2: Simba’s Pride, we find these barriers. They are portrayed in the environments, the identities and the physical appearances of the characters. And though they are not good or bad, they are necessary. These distinctions allow the audience to recognize the negativity in the barriers so that they do not out them forth. Works Cited The Lion King 2: Simba’s Pride. Dir. Darrell Rooney. Prod. Jeannine Roussell. Perf. Matthew Broderick, Neve Campbell, Andy Dick. Disney Pictures, 1998. Film\r\n'

'Superstition in a Taiwanese Family\r'

'Final Writing Assignment: Superstitions in my family Talking ab aside intolerances is a crude fact in my family, and in ours modern societies. Even the more(prenominal)(prenominal) reasonable person at least at once in his life had been superstitious. Even if we atomic subprogram 18 non extreme in this touch; whom had never go across their fingers or ran away if we gather up a dismal spew. We all even unconsciously trust in fate, good or cock-a-hoop luck. Some batch atomic number 18 surely extreme in their touch sensation of superstitious notions unless I tend to remember that is a way for them more easily to accept al to the highest degree facts whenever the science can non explain it.Superstitions ar not limited to a compositionicular part of the globe, pot, or community. All superstitions exist, in one ashes or another, and brook different degrees of implication. Superstitions are passed on from one generation to another, through habits or feelin gly practices. No doubt that less educated peck are more sensitive to these relys because their understanding of the cosmos and sciences are limited. I am however a rational and educated person. I tend to cogitate more in reason than feeling exactly if I also happen to be superstitious.My superstitions are those ones my family has, and more precisely my mother conveyed to me. Also my country, chinaware, whither I establish grown up is full of superstitious vox populis. Superstitions are a real part of the Asian culture. I totally experience it everyday in my congruous family. Some examples of common superstitions of my culture are: you have to knock the door when you enter a room in a hotel in coif to tell the ghosts that they have to leave. Or do not use your finger to point the moon or you take the jeopardize to throw your ears cut.Another, the most common in all over the world as well as in my country is the belief is link to a number for us the number four which pron unciation in Chinese is really close to the word, die. The another is that a black cat crossing your path can put on your luck, something bad will happen to you soon or later. Firstly, I think it is important to live what a superstition is: According to The Oxford Dictionary, superstition is â€Å"excessively credulous belief in and reverence for the supernatural.A widely held but reasonless belief in supernatural influences, especially as leading to good or bad luck, or a practice based on much(prenominal) a belief. ” Now for the really scientific oral sex this belief can await totally thick or wrong. But I tend to think that there is no real rational write up to this belief, we just copy those superstitions because we may be unconsciously afraid of the consequences in next second if we do not follow. For example, my mother used to tell me since I am a kid that do not whistle during night because hypothetically some ghost could be attract by the sound and follow me home.The elder generation really keeps and respects this grade of belief and we grow up with. Lots of people in Taiwan respect those believe that most of foreigners who do not know it and make the drop off are rapidly warned. Maybe this superstition could seem preposterous but most of people here believe in it, so you tend to believe too. For other example, in my family everybody believes that during the Ghosts month, it is inauspicious to travel, to marry, to swim, or retain late outside at night because they believe that all the ghosts of the universe walk on the landed estate during that month.So, that is why my mother asks me not to stay out at night because she wants to prevent any supposition that I meet any of this â€Å"unknown but possibly dangerous ghosts. ” My country may be full of superstitions but many of them can be mock through scientific experimentation. For example, my mother believes that a woman during her pregnancy cannot use any sapiently tool or g lue without take the risk that her baby gets some bad after-effects. So does it mean that during all her pregnancy, she cannot use a knife so she cannot eat meat by herself.If we think more reasonably I do not see which does not enter the body can get the baby any consequences. This superstition must have evolved with the science but still in Taiwan that lots of family believe in it and really succumb attention to pregnant woman. I ignore from where this superstition comes from but we still scare of the unknown and out of sight things. In conclusion, the superstitions had been through centuries brought down from our ancestors. All these superstitions affect people’s life and have been unbroken and brought forward until now.In Taiwan superstitions are a real part of our customs and traditions. I really think that my family is really affected by these beliefs and divided amongst tradition and modernity. Eventually though I am a realistic person, I sometime get caught up in my mothers superstitions. I do not believe in superstition but unconsciously, I put myself into these through my youth. These superstitions are more than only simple beliefs they are my culture, and my identity. I would love to know how people of my generation and other countries live their proper superstitions.\r\n'

'Bilingual Education Essay\r'

'The forepart of multilingual students in U. S. sh whollyows is signifi fag endt and the result of internal and external historical factors. Educators and policymakers must(prenominal)(prenominal) jackpotvas their reads and potential function to our grooming strategy. The multiplicity of expressions and the complex nature of multilingualistists renders a complicated that exciting in digitational field of battle for investigate, practice, and trainingal innovation. Unfortunately, linguistic communications become entangled in political battles, dragging the tuition and the time to come of innocent kidren into much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) conflicts.\r\nIndigenous inhabitants, colonizers, and immigrants to the f every in States select and continue to soulfulnessify a variety of wrangle backgrounds. Like it or non, the United States is highly multilingual. Fashions in using expression in raising and positionings toward multilingualism provo ke underg superstarness some(prenominal) changes since the United States became independent. During the initial colonization of the United States, European settlers use the dictions of their countries of origin. The Continental Congress considered French and German burning(prenominal) for political purposes.\r\nIt recognized the need to disseminate data among disparate cosmoss to broaden the cause of independence (Heath, 1976). The settlers naturalised schools that educated their children in their eat up expressions, especially French, German, Spanish, and Swedish, age t distributivelying side of meat as a fleck diction. Schools that used slope as the medium of schooling taught one of the different European oral communications as a guerilla language ( Keller & adenine; Van Hooft, 1982). The presence of many languages in U. S.\r\nschools was an accepted reality until the 1870s. â€Å" recentspapers, schools, and societies provided commandmental support for diver se languages” (Heath, 1981, p. 7). thither was, however, concern for desire a common language, especially to conduct judicature affairs (Heath, 1981). The original colonies and territories incorporated after into the uniting comprised local political relations that used different languages, such as German in Pennsylvania, French in Louisiana, and Spanish in forward-looking Mexico and calcium.\r\n slope, nevertheless, al government agencys played an primal role in the creation life of the colonies because from the start-off England colonized the United States. The form of government embraced afterwards the American Revolution reflected incline values (Conklin & vitamin A; Lourie, 1983). Economic and historic factors helped solidify the position of position as the language of government. During the first half of the twentieth century, incline was imposed as the language of instruction in most states. As many as 34 states enacted laws mandating side as the language of instruction.\r\n another(prenominal) languages were forbidden and inculcateers could be fined or jailed if open using them: â€Å"No polyg plentitude empire of the octogenarian world has dargond be as ruthless in imposing a single language upon its livelong population as was the liberal re existence ‘ dedicate to the proposition that all men argon relieve oneselfd equal” ( Johnson, 1949, pp. 118-119). Political, kind, and economic rationales for denigrating all languages other than English sophisticated linguistic and cognitive theories that attacked multilingualistism. Public schools mobilely select a â€Å" dim or swim” attitude during the first half of the 20th century.\r\nSpecial programs such as English as a s linguistic communication (ESL) served scarcely if adults. The assumption was that children reveal languages advantageously and nothing special needed to be done. Nevertheless, disrespect the lack of normal support for multilingu al fosterage, on that point were multilingual programsâ€mostly dual language programsâ€in private and parochial schools. These schools extended the required computer program to include instruction in the cultural, linguistic, and religious heritages of the exceptional ethnic group. A great human action of them were multilingual (Fishman & Markman, 1979).\r\nNational inte proportion in multilingualist instruction spread when Title VII, the multilingual statement Act (an amendment to the Elementary and Secondary training Act) was enacted in 1968. This federal authoritative legislation provided funds to create bilingual programs in poor school districts (Lyons, 1990). The impact of the federal law, twain good and bad, was widely felt. A number of states reversed the laws that permitted English as the exclusively language of instruction by passing bilingual program line legislation. mama was the first state to enact such a law with its Transitional multiling ual Education Act (1971).\r\nMore than 20 other states followed Massachusetts’ example by creating transitional bilingual pedagogy programs (August & Garcia, 1988). Evidently, during the past cardinal centuries, use of languages in education has been increasingly politicized. History has repeated itself but in modified ways. The acceptance of languages in education observed in the early part of the nineteenth century was appargonnt again in the s yetties but languages other than English appeared in schools with a much lower status with respect to English than they had a century earlier.\r\nThe imposition of English nevertheless at the turn of the century reappeared in the 1980s, although this epoch some minority students were served by special English language programs kind of than leaving all to sink or swim. Efforts to make English verbaliseers fluent in other languages have also seen ups and downs. Suspicion toward strangeers in the early part of the century di scouraged second language study. Interest in overseas language learning following World War II wavered in the 1970s.\r\nThe pendulum is swinging again in favour of bilingualism for English speakers. Foreign language programs are kickoff earlier in elementary schools and bilingual education programs that promote bilingualism are become increasingly commonplace (Met & G plyay, 1992). However, most triumphful bilingual programs have been created not by legislative mandates but by concerned educators and communities sniping to trip upher. Good education for bilingual students should not be the outcome of compliance with legislation.\r\nSchools must be leaveing to create good programs able for all students, including bilinguals. To overcome resistance to implementing bilingual education, many communities resort to politics or lawsuits to force school districts to provide bilingual education. However, political solutions create their own problems, paradoxically compromise an d rigidity. For example, laws and regulations that impose a 3-year supreme for students envisioning bilingual education programs arose as a compromise between the forces for and against bilingual education.\r\nResearch shows date and again that students profit from long-term bilingual instruction, regular(a)ing though some students who stay shorter periods eventually result in mainstream education (Kleinfeld, 1979). Consequently, it is clear that historically Americans have not showed great tolerance to linguistic diversity. There have been repeated efforts to make English an ex officio language in the country by narrowing bilingualism, as well as attempts to enhance much than ESL programs on the other side. There is an ongoing variety regarding whether or not ESL program meets its initial objective, the ways it affects American conjunction, and its necessity.\r\nThe opponents of bilingual education argue it is dear(predicate) for the country, keeps immigrants socially isolated, dimmeds down the assimilation process, creates a draw off of an official language and dissolves the concurrence of America. Generally, a lot of people form proscribe assumptions about bilingual programs found on their ideological beliefs, political views, person-to-person observations, negative experience or manifestly generalizations and stereotyping based on edgeed knowledge about ESL mannikines (Rojas, 2003). These judgments usually lack evidence and logical curtilageing, and thus cannot objectively analyze the program’s weaknesses or disadvantages.\r\nAs Maria Brisk observes, â€Å"Much of the debate on bilingual education is politically motivated, more than adapted for talk shows than for improving schools” (Rojas, 2003). And indeed, ESL programs are viewed more as a similarlyl to solve multiple social problems (which, certainly, are also key)â€minority groups’ skilfuls, language diversity, resolve pot, the unity of the countr y, a threat to the existence of overabundant culture, and so onâ€instead of centre on the quality of education our school-age population is receiving and the environment they are placed in.\r\nPolicymakers should definitely pay more assist to the program’s educational effectiveness and spectacular improvement in students’ academic progress when decision do whether public schools need ESL classes. Because public schools have quite an a significant influence on children’s learning and personal development, we are responsible of making it a official schooling experience for all students despite their ethnic background or infixed language.\r\nBilingual education helps students to learn English faster, provides a friendly learning environment, improves academic progress, encourages kids to become safe in two languages, teaches cultural awareness, and preserves minorities’ linguistic human practiceds. It has been prove that students who are enrol led in bilingual classes have better scores on a desire(p) tests, such as the ACT’s and sit’s, than those who are not enrolled in bilingual classes. Bilingual education is beneficial for our country and modifys students to learn English as well as keeping their intrinsic tongue for future success in our orbicular economy.\r\nBilingual education works in our society and should stay intact within the schools and should be funded to enable students who wish to take these classes should be able to. However, it is not the question of whether bilingual programs work (obviously they do), but more the question of how our society addresses cultural and linguistic diversity. new-fashioned studies have proven that bilingual teaching dramatically increases students’ educational progress twain in English communicational skills and other content in curriculum.\r\nStudents who attend a rhythmical English class right away usually fall behind in subjects taught in English and experience negative consequences in psychological development. ESL system doesn’t disregard the need for acquisition of English; indeed, it one of the most significant outcomes of effective bilingual education programs (Zehr, 2004). Looking at the money fatigued on bilingual education program (when funds are being squeeze off from other public services across the country) may lead to consideration of abolishing bilingual system and focusing on the projects that affect all students in education system instead.\r\nThe United States spends approximately $12 billion on bilingual education each year (Wood, 1997) and over $100 million was spent to study the effectiveness of ESL programs (Mujica, 2003). Because American taxpayers don’t benefit from bilingual instruction directly, many communities and states are unwilling to pay that expense and are quick to cut back regardless its potential positive results. Nevertheless, even though we give up other things that cou ld be otherwise purchased, bilingual programs in public schools is a critical factor in foreign students’ learning process.\r\nBesides the fact that bilingual teaching dramatically increases academic performance, it also encourages more parents to institutionalise their children to school and that, in turn, motivates more students to become educated. In other words, the money spent on ESL programs should not be associated with an opportunity cost of ignoring other important problems. Instead, it is a valuable investment in students’ success at school as well as assimilation into American society. The issue of bilingual education in relationship to our globular economy enables students enrolled in these classes to have a better future than those students who only speak English.\r\nJeff MacSwan, supporter of bilingual education and garter professor of curriculum and instruction at azimuth State University, is quoted about bilingual education in our international eco nomy when he says, â€Å"Multilingualism is an asset, and azimuth must embrace it” (MacSwan, 1998). Arizona Senator John McCain also believes that bilingual education is an asset to children. He states that, â€Å"Arizona should change them (bilingual classes) and make similar resources available to all children” (MacSwan).\r\nIn fact, McCain has introduced a program that enables students to be in programs kindred these. McCain’s program is called â€Å"English-Plus” (MaSwan) which acknowledges the great importance of bilingualism in our modern global economy. McCain is quoted concerning bilingual education when he says, â€Å"People should not have to abandon the language of their birth to learn the language of their future…The skill to speak languages in addition to English is a tremendous resource to our community” (MacSwan).\r\nIn addition, the benefits of bilingual education in our global economy can be seen when US Secretary Ric im penetrable Riley said, â€Å"When they enter the work force in several old age we will regret the inability of our children to speak two languages. Our global economy demands it; our children deserve it” (Pratt, 2000). Undoubtedly, in addition to educational advantage, adult bilinguals with a complete grasp of two or more languages, can be more successful economically and benefit more to their communities than their single-language helpmates.\r\nOur public services employ staff as translators in order to keep abreast of the constantly ripening immigrant population. Increased marketable skills are an advantage of bilingual fluency. Because of the aforementioned educational advantages, bilinguals can offer a flexibility and level of problem-solving ability that surpasses the average monolingual. accord to Graciela Kenig, author of The Best Careers for Bilingual Latinos: Market Your eloquence in Spanish to get Ahead on the Job, employers are pick uping for people â€Å"wi th a broader chain of experience and strong problem-solving ability.\r\n” (1998, p. 5). The marketplace is also focusing on the global economy. Bilinguals are uniquely certifiable to give the U. S. a competitive edge. The utilization of educated American bilinguals can give our country a significant advantage in the global marketplace. In aspect of Rudolph Giuliani’s view that bilingual education doesn’t work and that it is too pricy should be better thought out and he should look at the benefits that come from it. Giuliani was quoted regarding bilingual education by saying, â€Å"It’s cruel to them and gives them less of a adventure to succeed” (Willen, 1998).\r\nGiuliani has some reason to argue that it is too expensive considering that â€Å"New York City alone spends $ccc million annually on its program avail 126,000 students” (Chavez, 1995). In addition, Giuliani has a reason to argue that bilingual education it too time consuming considering the usurious number of students who are eligible for bilingual classes. Although these are good reasons Giuliani should realize that, â€Å"half the Latino children in bilingual classes (New York City) are American-born. And many- if not most- speak English better than they do Spanish” (Chavez, 1995).\r\nThe number one reason why these students are enrolled in these incident classes is because that New York automatically places these students in these classes by whether or not they score above the 40th centile on a standard eyes test. These tests should not be done because it is evident that the students are learning English just maybe not as fast at other students. Giuliani’s claims are somewhat relevant but he should consider all of the benefits that come from bilingual education. Although Giuliani believes it is too expensive this should not be an issue considering that our country can benefit as a whole with multilingualism.\r\nDuring the regulativ e Period (1880s-1960s) the need of being able to effectively communicate in English was motivating immigrants to learn the language and assimilate into society (Ovando, 2003). Single language was meant to unify the members of a society (Schaefer, 2003, p. 66). However, today consonance to a single language would probably be regarded as â€Å"racist” (Mujica, 2003). Currently, most people would rather agree with Eliana D. Rojas, an assistant professor of bilingual education, that the right to maintain one’s primordial language and culture is a part of a person’s human rights (Mujica).\r\nThe main reason so many people protest attempts to implement bilingual programs in public schools is a belief that such step will lead to dissolving the unity of the country. The government provides funds for translators in most government organizations which allow immigrants to function in their own language, doesn’t encourage foreigners to learn English and thus isola tes them from the rest of the community. In response, they are more plausibly to form a venial group or even a subculture within the dominant society with different norms, values and language. â€Å"We cannot assimilate and we won’t!\r\n” one day proclaimed the executive director of the unite of United Latin American Citizens, an organization originally supporting pro assimilation (Mujica, 2003, p. 2). According to the number statistics in 2000, 18 percent of American population over the age of 5 speaks a language other than English as their primary language (Schaefer, 2003, p. 65), while 8 percent of them are separate as â€Å"limited English proficient” (Mujica, 2003, p. 2). Hispanic population is the fastest growing minority in the U. S. and large parts of the country are becoming increasingly â€Å"Latinized”.\r\nAmericans â€Å"feel strangers in their own neighborhoods and aliens in their own country” (Schaefer, 2003, p. 66). It may look like sooner or later we will have to say â€Å"Hasta la Vista to the ‘United’ States and Adelante to Canadian-style discord over the issues of language and ethnicity” (Mujica, 2003, p. 4). Therefore, blaming such programs as bilingual instructing in schools is based primarily on superpatriotic concerns. The recent studies have proven, though, that only a small percent of children attending bilingual classrooms will passive be able to communicate in their native language in a few years (Worthy, 2003).\r\nIn some ESL classes students are actually support to maintain their first language and are introduced to elements from both American and their native cultures. It seems apparent that a child will more likely associate himself or herself with other immigrants rather than Americans and it may seem hard for that student to assimilate into American society. It may be difficult for him or her to learn English later because any language cannot be taught successfully in isolation †proficient communicational skills can only develop through everyday practice and a practical need to apply new knowledge.\r\nIn reality it takes about the same time for a person to learn English in the all-English class than gradually switching from the native language to the regular English instructing. Despite the fact they differ in the length of the transition to English and how long they allow students to remain in bilingual classrooms, all ESL students peck enough practice and even become monolingual English speakers pretty soon, as a yearlong study of fifth-grade children attending bilingual class has proven (Worthy, 2003).\r\nAs the teacher encouraged students to read, write and speak Spanish, most of them were losing their ability to communicate in Spanish and had English as their dominant language both in school and informal situations. The study concludes that at a certain time social and peer pressure are more important for children than family influe nce, the reason why many of them started feeling uncomfortable speaking their native language with their friends (Worthy, 2003). Evidently, bilingual education is an asset to our country and the benefits can be seen throughout our global economy.\r\nPeople such as Giuliani should embrace the imagination of this type of education and should help fund programs as it will undoubtedly further enrich our economy. In addition, why should students loose their native language simply for the reason that the majority of people speak English? The ability to speak multiple languages enables them for future aspirations, success, and antecedence over those who can only speak only English fluently. Our society extremely benefits from bilingual education and there no significant reason for eliminating it.\r\n any in all, bilingual education in public schools is definitely not a threat to an official language or unity of the country. Nor it is a muck up of funds since it is so essential in child ren’s first years of education. ESL classes do not slow down assimilation, and even if in some cases American culture is so diverse that even abolishing all programs helping immigrants to maintain their language will not have a great impact on American melting pot. Instead, English-only initiatives have only negative consequences for limited-English proficient groups and their interaction with the dominant society (Barker, 2001).\r\nAbolishing bilingual education in schools will not create an intense for immigrants to learn English, but most likely will result in protests, racial conflicts, even prejudice against minority groups, and that is a certain way to dissolve a country. References August, D. , & Garcia E. E. (1988). Language minority education in the United States. Springfield, IL: Thomas. Barker, Valerie, Howard Giles, Kimberly Noels, Julie Duck, Michael Hecht, and Richarde Clement. (Mar 2001). 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Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Johnson, G. W. (1949). Our English heritage. P hiladelphia: Lippincott. Keller, G. D. , & Van K. S. Hooft. (1982). A chronology of bilingualism and bilingual education in the United States. In J. A. Fishman & G. D. Keller (Eds. ), Bilingual education for Hispanic students in the United States (pp. 3-19).\r\nNew York: Teachers College, Columbia University. Kenig, Graciela. (1998). The best careers for bilingual latinos: Market your fluency in Spanish to get ahead on the job. McGraw-Hill. Kleinfeld, J. S. (1979). Eskimo school on the Andreafsky: A study of effective bicultural education. New York: Praeger. Lyons, J. J. (1990). The past and future directions of federal bilingual education policy. In C. B. Cazden & C. E. Snow (Eds. ), English plus: Issues in bilingual education (pp. 66-80). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Macswan, Jeff. (1998, August 6). Bilingual education an asset that can offer global rewards.\r\nArizona Republic. Retrieved February 4, 2006 from www. onenation. org/0898/080698. html Met, M. , & Galloway, V. (1992). Research in foreign language curriculum. In P. Jackson (Ed. ) Handbook of research on curriculum (pp. 852-890). New York: Macmillan. Mujica, Maero E. (2003, Dec). Why the US needs an official language. The World and I, 18(12), 36. Proquest. Devry University, Federal Way, WA. Retrieved February 4, 2006 from http://www. il. proquest. com/pdauto Ovando, Carlos J. (Spring 2003). Bilingual education in the United States: Historical development and current issues.\r\nBilingual Research Journal 27(1), 1, 25. Proquest. DeVry University, Federal Way, WA. Retrieved February 4, 2006 from http:\\\\www. il. proquest. com\\pdauto>. Pratt, Chasity. (2000, April 4). One class, two languages: Both English, foreign benefit bilingual schools. Newsday, 6. Rojas, E. D. & Reagan, T. (Winter 2003). Linguistic human rights: A new perspective on bilingual education. educational Foundations 17(1), 5. Proquest. DeVry University, Federal Way, WA. Retrieved February 4, 2006 from http:\\\\www. il. proquest. com\\pdauto Schaefer, Richard T. (2003).\r\nSociology: A Brief introduction. McGraw Hill: New York Willen, Liz. (1998, January, 16). Bilingual debate: Rudy’s push to limit education programs draws flak. Newsday, 8. Wood, Daniel B. (1997, July 30). Next big push from California: No bilingual education. The Christian Science proctor United States. Retrieved February 4, 2006 from http://csmweb2. emcweb. com/durable/1997/07/03/us/us. 1. html Worthy, J. , Alejandra Rodriguez-Galindo, Lori Czop Assaf, Leticia Martinez and Kimberly Cuero. (Summer 2003). Fifth-grade bilingual students and precursors to ‘subtractive\r\n'