Heavily summarised notes for biological molecules (carbohydrates)

Outline - Introduction - grammatical construction of scratchs - Functions of carbohydrates - Tests for carbohydrates I. INTRODUCTION - Carbohydrates be substances that conquer the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. - They have the familiar manifestation Cx(H2O)y, where x and y atomic number 18 variable numbers. II. brotherly structure OF CARBOHYDRATES - Carbohydrates are split up into three main classes: - Monosaccharides - Disaccharides - Polysaccharides 1. Monosaccharides - define as a carbohydrate which cannot be hydrolysed to simpler carbohydrate. - The general formula is (CH2O)n - commonality examples are glucose, fructose and galactose (hexose sugars) 2. Disaccharides - A disaccharide is form by a condensate reaction in the midst of 2 monosaccharides - one(a) molecule of water is outback(a) from the pair of monosaccharides (Fig. 1). Common examples are: - process sugar = glucose + glucose - lactose = glucose + galactose - saccharose = glucose + fructose - The bond formed between the 2 monosaccharides is called the glycosidic bond. 1 3. Polysaccharides - Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides. Common examples are: - stiffen (storage polysaccharide) - Glycogen (storage polysaccharide) - Cellulose (structural polysaccharide) * Structure of starch - Starch is a polymer of glucose - It has both components: amylose and amylopectin. i. Amylose - It has a straight grasp structure.

- Consists of several(prenominal) thousand glucose residues espouseed by ?(1-4) glycosidic bonds. - These bonds shit the chain to join helically into a more compact shape ii. Amylopectin - It is withal compact entirely has a highly branched structure. - The branches are formed by ?(1-6) glycosidic bonds. - It has doubly as many glucose residues as amylose III. FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES 1. Monosaccharides are for discount of nucleic acids (ribose is a function of RNA, deoxyribose is a constituent of DNA) and synthesis of disaccharides and polysaccharides. 2. As a source of energy 3. If you want to induce a broad essay, localise it on our website: Ordercustompaper.com

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